Abstract: In order to study the evacuation time of drivers and passengers within bus in the case of fire incidents in tunnel, and improve the safety of tunnel operation, an evacuation experiment of drivers and passengers within bus was conducted in a full-scale experimental tunnel. The oil basin fire combustion scene was constructed, and the bus personnel evacuation test was carried out under four groups of working conditions such as different number of people and different paths. The evacuation time inside and outside the bus for each experiment group was recorded. Then the evacuation time of experiment results were compared with the calculation results by empirical formula. The experiment results show that the evacuation time inside the bus was greater than that outside the bus with good vision and less obstacle interference in the experiment environment, and the more evacuees, the greater the gap between them. It is indicated that the evacuation within bus is a bottleneck of the whole evacuation process, and it is necessary to strengthen the evacuation education and training under emergencies for bus drivers and passengers, so as to improve the evacuation efficiency inside buses. When there are multiple exits available, 99% of the participants choose to escape from the nearest exit away from the fire source, resulting in a queue at the exit. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the guidance of evacuation path and emergency exit in the tunnel, so as to avoid blind obedience in group evacuation and improve evacuation efficiency. Furthermore, the comparison results show that when using the empirical formula to calculate the evacuation time, the influence of the number of evacuees on the average passage speed of pedestrian flow, the influence of fire scale and evacuation environment on the evacuation speed outside the vehicle, and the difference between the number of actually used exits and the number of available exits should be fully considered in combination with the actual situation, so as to reasonably set the parameter values and improve the accuracy of the calculation results.

Key words: tunnel engineering; tunnel fire; emergency evacuation; bus evacuation

摘要： 为研究大巴车人员在隧道突发火灾情况下的的疏散时间，提高隧道运营安全性，在1∶1全尺寸试验隧道内，构建了油盆火燃烧场景，开展了不同人数、不同路径等4组工况下的大巴车人员疏散试验。试验记录了不同工况下的车内疏散时间与车外疏散时间，并将疏散时间的试验结果与经验公式计算结果进行了对比研究。试验结果表明：在视觉良好且障碍物干扰较少的试验环境中，大巴车车内疏散时间大于车外疏散时间，且疏散人数越多，两者差距越大，可见车内疏散是整个疏散过程的一个瓶颈点，有必要加强突发事件下大巴车驾乘人员的车内逃生教育培训等工作，以提高车内疏散效率；在有多个可用出口的情况下，99%的参与者选择从远离火源点最近的出口逃生，并导致该出口出现了排队现象，因此有必要加强隧道内疏散路径和紧急出口的指引，以避免群体疏散时的盲从性，并提高疏散效率。对比结果还表明：采用经验公式计算疏散时间时，应结合实际情况充分考虑疏散人数规模对通道人流平均通过速度的影响，火灾规模与疏散环境对车外疏散速度的影响，以及实际使用出口数与可用出口数之间的差别，从而合理设定参数值，提高计算结果的准确性。

关键词: 隧道工程；隧道火灾；应急疏散；大巴车人员疏散