绿色港口建设中港区大气污染物排放研究综述

doi:10.3969-j.issn.1674-0696.2021.08.11

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 我国是世界上拥有集装箱吞吐量超百万标箱港口数量最多的国家，港口在获得良好经济效益同时，船舶运输活动和装卸设备作业造成的大气污染也日益严重。为贯彻港口可持续发展理念，绿色港口建设势在必行。通过分析研究了我国港口大气污染物来源、排放清单编制方法、大气污染物排放特征等现状。总结了港口施工期和运营期主要大气污染物来源；为阐述港口船舶大气污染物排放清单，简述了点式空气质量自动检测和PEMS两种主要大气污染物检测方法；并总结了港口运输船舶、港作机械及集疏运车辆的排放清单编制方法及现状；进而归纳了港口主要污染源大气污染物排放特征。为比较不同年份不同地区船舶大气污染物排放特征、评估船舶减排成效，提出了港口船舶大气污染因子的概念及表达式，分析了我国大气污染物排放研究现状，并指出目前排放清单研究中对于内河港口大气污染物排放问题重视程度不足、排放因子本土化程度低、港口大气污染源考虑不全面等问题。

关键词: 港口工程；绿色港口；排放清单；排放特征；港口船舶大气污染因子

Abstract: China has the largest number of ports with container throughput more than one million TEUs in the world. The issue of air pollutants caused by ships and handling facilities is becoming more and more serious at the same time that the ports have achieved good economic benefits. In order to implement the concept of sustainable development of ports, it is imperative to construct green ports. Through analyzing and studying the domestic status such as the sources of air pollutants, the compilation method of emission inventory and the emission characteristics of air pollutants, the main sources of air pollutants during port construction and operation were summarized. In order to expound the air pollutant emission inventory of port ships, two main air pollutant detection methods such as point type air quality automatic detection method and PEMS were briefly introduced; the compilation methods and current situation of emission inventory of port transport ships, cargo handling equipment and collection and distribution vehicles were summarized; moreover, the characteristics of air pollutant emission from the main pollution sources of the ports were summarized. Finally, the concept and expression of air pollution factor of port ships were proposed to compare the emission characteristics of ship air pollutants and evaluate the effectiveness of ship emission reduction in different years and different regions. The domestic research status of air pollutant emission was analyzed and the current deficiencies in the study of air pollutant emission inventory were pointed out, such as insufficient attention on inland ship emissions, lower localization of emission factors and incomplete consideration of the sources of air pollution in the port.

Key words: port engineering; green port; emission inventory; emission characteristics; air pollution factor of port ships

中图分类号:

U658

贺林林1,2,3，焦钰褀1,2,3，贾瑞1,2,3，梁越1,2,3. 绿色港口建设中港区大气污染物排放研究综述[J]. 重庆交通大学学报（自然科学版）, 2021, 40(08): 78-87.

HE Linlin1, 2, 3, JIAO Yuqi1, 2, 3, JIA Rui1, 2, 3, LIANG Yue1, 2, 3. Review on the Research Status of Air Pollutant Emission in Port Area in the Development of Green Port[J]. Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University(Natural Science), 2021, 40(08): 78-87.

参考文献

［1］鞠美庭，方景清，邵超峰，等.港口环境保护与绿色港口建设［M］.北京：化学工业出版社，2010：197-211.
JU Meiting, FANG Jingqin, SHAO Chaofeng, et al. Port Environmental Protection and Green Port Construction［M］. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2010: 197-211.
［2］谢飞.大气污染物源清单对区域环境管理的意义［J］.资源节约与环保，2010，1(1)：5-5.
XIE Fei. Significance of air pollutant source emission inventory to regional environmental management［J］. Resources Economization & Environmental Protection, 2010,
1(1): 5-5.
［3］杨秀妍.天津港口区域大气污染特征与对策措施研究［J］.中国人口·资源与环境，2015，25(11)：337-340.
YANG Xiuyan. Research on characteristics of atmospheric pollution and control measures of Tianjin port［J］. China Population, Resource and Environment, 2015, 25(11):
v337-340.
［4］杨柳.全国及典型港口城市运输船舶大气污染物排放清单研究［D］.北京：清华大学，2005.
YANG Liu. Study on Air Pollutant Emission List of National and Typical Port City Transport Ships［D］. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2005.
［5］伏晴艳，沈寅，张健.上海港船舶大气污染物排放清单研究［J］.安全与环境学报，2012，12(5)：57-64.
FU Qingyan, SHEN Yin, ZHANG Jian. On the ship pollutant emission inventory in Shanghai port［J］. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2012, 12(5): 57- 63.
［6］谭建伟，宋亚楠，葛蕴珊，等.大连海域远洋船舶排放清单［J］.环境科学研究，2014，27(12)：1426-1431.
TAN Jianwei, SONG Yanan, GE Yunshan, et al. Emission inventory of ocean-going vessels in Dalian coastal area［J］. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2014, 27(12):
1426-1431.
［7］ WAN Zheng, JI Shaojie, LIU Yati, et al. Shipping emission inventories in Chinas Bohai Bay, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta in 2018［J］. Marine Pollution
Bulletin, 2020, 151: 1-10.
［8］王坚，黄厔，刘艳英，等.厦门市船舶控制区大气污染物排放清单与污染特征［J］.环境科学，2020，41(8)：3572-3580.
WANG Jian, HUANG Zhi, LIU Yanying, et al. Vessels air pollutant emissions inventory and emission characteristics in the Xiamen emission control area［J］.
Environmental Science, 2020, 41(8): 3572-3580.
［9］封学军，苑帅，张艳，等.长江江苏段船舶大气污染物排放清单及时空分布特性研究［J］.安全与环境学报，2018，18(4)：1609-1614.
FENG Xuejun, YUAN Shuai, ZHANG Yan, et al. Fuel exhaust emission inventory and the spatio-temporal distribution particularities of Jiangsu section of Yangtze River
channel［J］. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2018, 18(4): 1609-1614.
［10］贾旭，封学军，蒋柳鹏.港口作业机械大气污染物排放研究［J］.华东交通大学学报，2014，31(3)：12-17.
JIA Xu, FENG Xuejun, JIANG Liupeng. Research of air pollutants from cargo handling equipments［J］. Journal of East China Jiaotong University, 2014, 31(3): 12-17.
［11］彭宜蔷，封学军，顾建，等.基于发动机活动的集装箱港作机械排放清单研究［J］.安全与环境学报，2017，17(3)：1136-1141.
PENG Yiqiang, FENG Xuejun, GU Jian, et al. On the air pollutant emission inventory of the cargo handling equipment based on the activities of the container delivery ports
［J］. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2017, 17(3): 1136-1141.
［12］王甲智，洪文俊.港口大气环境主要污染物及其检测方法的探讨［J］.中国水运(下半月)，2019，19(7)：135-136.
WANG Jiazhi, HONG Wenjun. Discussion on the main pollutants in the atmospheric environment of the port and their detection methods［J］. China Water Transport,
2019, 19(7): 135-136.
［13］张庆华，陈昭晶，王璞，等.我国大气污染的健康效应、主要成分及其检测方法［J］.现代科学仪器，2014(3)：7-12.
ZHANG Qinghua, CHEN Zhaojing, WANG Pu, et al. Health effects, composition, and monitoring methods of ambient air pollution in China［J］. Modern Scientific
Instrument, 2014(3): 7-12.
［14］ ENDRESEN , SRGARD E, SUNDET J K, et al. Emission from international sea transportation and environmentalimpact［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research,
2003, 108(D17): 4560-4570.
［15］ ENDRESEN , BAKKE J,SRGARD, et al. Improved modelling of ship SO2 emissions—A fuel-based approach［J］. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39(20): 3621-
3628.
［16］ ENDRESEN , SRGARD E, BEHRENS H L, et al. A historical reconstruction of ships fuel consumption andemissions［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2007,
112(12): 301-310.
［17］ HULSKOTTE J H J, GON H A C D V D. Fuel consumption and associated emissions from seagoing ships at berth derived from an on-boardsurvey［J］. Atmospheric
Environment, 2010, 44(9): 1229-1236.
［18］ JALKANEN J P, BRINK A, KALLI J, et al. Amodelling system for the exhaust emissions of marine traffic and its application in the Baltic Sea area［J］. Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics, 2009, 9(23): 9209-9223.
［19］ JALKANEN J P, JOHANSSON L, KUKKONEN J, et al. Extension of an assessment model of ship traffic exhaust emissions for particulate matter and carbon monoxide
［J］. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012, 12(5): 2641-2659.
［20］ JALKANEN J P, JOHANSSON L, KUKKONEN J.A comprehensive inventory of ship traffic exhaust emissions in the European sea areas in 2011［J］. Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 15(5): 7459-7491.
［21］ NUNES RA O, ALVIM-FERRAZ M C M, MARTINS F G, et al. The activity-based methodology to assess ship emissions — A review［J］. Environmental Pollution,
2017, 231(Part1): 87-103.
［22］ European Environment Agency. Annual European Union (EU) LRTAP Convention Emission Inventory Report 1990—2017［R］. Luxembourg: Publications Office of
the European Union, 2019.
［23］ Starcrest Consulting Group LLC. Inventory of Air Emission for Calendar Year 2018［R］. Port of Los Angeles: The port of Los Angeles, 2019.
［24］ Starcrest Consulting Group LLC. San Pedro Bay Ports Emissions Inventory Methodology Report［R］. Port of Los Angeles & Long Beach: The Port of Los Angeles &
Port of Long Beach, 2019.
［25］ CHENDongsheng, ZHAO Yuehua, NELSON P, et al. Estimating ship emissions based on AIS data for port of Tianjin, China［J］. Atmospheric Environment, 2016,
145: 10-18.
［26］尹佩玲，黄争超，郑丹楠，等.宁波-舟山港船舶排放清单及时空分布特征［J］.中国环境科学，2017，37(1)：27-37.
YIN Peiling, HUANG Zhengchao, ZHENG Dannan, et al. Marine vessel emission and its temporal and spatial distribution characteristics in Ningbo-Zhoushan Port［J］.
China Environmental Science, 2017, 37(1): 27-37.
［27］顾建，王伟，彭宜蔷，等.基于STEAM的靠港船舶大气污染物排放清单研究［J］.安全与环境学报，2017，17(5)：1963-1967.
GU Jian, WANG Wei, PENG Yiqiang, et al. Study on vessel emission inventory based on STEAM［J］. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2017, 17(5): 1963-1967.
［28］张安民，刘禹，张殿君，等.基于GIS的天津港船舶大气污染物空间分布规律［J］.测绘科学技术学报，2018，35(6)：622-626.
ZHANG Anmin, LIU Yu, ZHANG Dianjun, et al. The spatial distribution of ships atmospheric pollutants based on GIS in Tianjin port［J］. Journal of Geomatics Science
and Technology, 2018, 35(6): 622-626.
［29］吕建华，付飞，左华，等.青岛市船舶废气排放清单及应用［J］.环境保护科学，2019，45(5)：107-115.
LYU Jianhua, FU Fei, ZUO Hua, et al. Ship emission inventory and its application in Qingdao［J］. Environmental Protection Science, 2019, 45(5): 107-115.
［30］朱逸凡，雷智鹢，封学军，等.基于AIS大数据的长江江苏段船舶大气污染物排放清单研究［J］.环境科技，2019，32(4)：41-46.
ZHU Yifan, LEI Zhiyi, FENG Xuejun, et al. River based on AIS big data［J］. Environmental Science and Technology, 2019, 32(4): 41-46.
［31］徐文文，殷承启，许雪记，等.江苏省内河船舶大气污染物排放单及特征［J］.环境科学，2019，40(6)：2595-2606.
XU Wenwen, YIN Chengqi, XU Xueji, et al. Vessel emission inventories and emission characteristics for inland rivers in Jiangsu Province［J］. Environmental Science, 2019,
40(6): 2595-2606.
［32］王征，张卫，彭传圣，等.中国近周边海域船舶排放清单及排放特征研究［J］.交通节能与环保，2018，14(1)：11-15.
WANG Zheng, ZHANG Wei, PENG Chuansheng, et al. Study on characteristics of ship emissions from surrounding China seas［J］. Energy Conservation & Environmental
Protection in Transportation, 2018, 14(1): 11-15.
［33］苑帅，封学军，朱逸凡.内河航道船舶尾气快速排放清单研究——以长江江苏段为例［J］.安全与环保，2020，6(2)：91-100.
YUAN Shuai, FENG Xuejun, ZHU Yifan. Rapid inventory of ship exhaust emissions for inland waterway: A case study in Jiangsu section of Yangtze River［J］. Transport
Research, 2020, 6(2): 91-100.
［34］赵显峰，房延军，王辰.内河船舶自动识别系统通信覆盖盲区技术解决方案研究［J］.信息通讯，2014(4)：29-31.
ZHAO Xianfeng, FANG Yanjun, WANG Chen. Research on the technical solution of communication coverage blind area in the automatic identification system of inland
river ships［J］. Information & Communications, 2014(4): 29-31.
［35］刘静，王静，宋传真，等.青岛市港口船舶大气污染排放清单的建立及应用［J］.中国环境监测，2011，27(3)：50-53.
LIU Jing, WANG Jing, SONG Chuanzhen, et al. The establishment and application of ship emissions inventory in Qingdao port［J］. Environmental Monitoring in China,
2011, 27(3): 50-53.
［36］ MIOLA A，CIUFFO B. Estimating air emissions from ships: Meta-analysis of modelling approaches and available data sources［J］. Atmospheric Environment, 2011,
45(13): 2242-2251.
［37］宋亚楠.内河和近海船舶排放特性及排放清单研究［D］.北京：北京理工大学，2014.
SONG Yanan. Research of Emission Inventory and Emission Character of Inland and Offshore Ships［D］. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology, 2014.
［38］ HUANG Liang, WEN Yuanqiao, ZHANG Yimeng, et al. Dynamic calculation of ship exhaust emissions based on real-time AIS data［J］. Transportation Research
Part D: Transport and Environment, 2020, 80: 1-15.
［39］谭华，刘娟，沈寅，等.码头港作机械大气大气污染物排放清单研究［J］.环境科学与管理，2013，38(6)：82-87.
TAN Hua, LIU Juan, SHEN Yin, et al. Emission inventory of air pollutants from cargo handling equipment［J］. Environmental Science and Management, 2013, 38(6): 82-87.
［40］武伟佳，李延文，马晓凤，等.基于吞吐量的集装箱码头卡车污染扩散研究［J］.交通信息与安全，2018，36(4)：113-119.
WU Weijia, LI Yanwen, MA Xiaofeng, et al. A study of pollution diffusion based on throughput in port areas［J］. Journal of Transport Information and Safety, 2018, 36(4):
113-119.
［41］吴晓婧，封学军，王伟，等.基于活动量的疏港卡车大气污染物排放研究［J］.环境科学与技术，2017，40(10)：138-143.
WU Xiaojing, FENG Xuejun, WANG Wei, et al. Research on heavy-duty vehicle emission based on activity［J］. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 40(10): 138-143.
［42］付明亮，丁焰，尹航，等.基于燃油消耗的工程机械排放因子研究［J］.北京理工大学学报，2014，34(2)：138-142.
FU Mingliang, DING Yan, YIN Hang, et al. Study on fuel-based emission factors from construction equipment［J］. Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2014,
34(2): 138-142.
［43］冯晓，王婷丽，赵琦.基于IVE模型的重庆市主城区机动车排放清单研究［J］.重庆交通大学学报(自然科学版)，2014，33(2)：135-137.
FENG Xiao, WANG Tingli, ZHAO Qi. Vehicle emission inventory in urban areas of Chongqing based on IVE model［J］. Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University(Natural
Science), 2014, 33(2): 135-137.
［44］陈艳艳，秦伟玲，李晓祎，等.货运场站机动车污染物排放监测及污染特征研究［J］.重庆交通大学学报(自然科学版)，2018，37(9)：60-65.
CHEN Yanyan, QIN Weiling, LI Xiaoyi, et al. Pollutant emission monitoring and pollution characteristics of motor vehicles in freight stations［J］. Journal of Chongqing
Jiaotong University(Natural Science), 2018, 37(9): 60-65.
［45］尹航，丁焰，葛蕴珊，等.内河船舶柴油机的实际排放特征［J］.环境科学研究，2014，27(5)：470-476.
YIN Hang, DING Yan, GE Yunshan, et al. Emissions characteristics of diesel engines for inland waterway vessels in China［J］. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2014,
27(5): 470-476.
［46］郭子坚，吴澎.港口规划与布置［M］.北京：人民交通出版社，2011.
GUO Zijian, WU Peng. Port Planning and Layout［M］. Beijing: China Communications Press, 2011.
［47］杨静，尹佩玲，叶斯琪，等.深圳市船舶排放清单与时空特征研究［J］.环境科学，2015，36(4)：1217-1226.
YANG Jing, YIN Peiling, YE Siqi, et al. Marine emission inventory and its temporal and spatial characteristics in the city of Shenzhen［J］. Environment Science, 2015, 36(4):
1217-1226.