Abstract: Based on the fire evacuation theory, the available safe evacuation time (tASET) model and the required safe evacuation time (tRSET) model were established to investigate the evacuation time at key locations such as staircase, escalator entrances and station exits after a fire occurred in four types of spatial structures in subway stations (open structure, wall structure, staircase structure, and wall + staircase structure), respectively. Pyrosim was used to simulate the fire development and Pathfinder was used to simulate the evacuation condition. A comparative analysis of tASET and tRSET at critical locations under four kinds of spatial structures was conducted to assess the safety of different ignition locations. The results of the study show that tASET is mainly determined by the time for visibility to reach criticality; tRSET is mainly based on the evacuation condition of building escalators and exits. Among the four selected locations, only the open structure can safely evacuate personnel in the event of a fire; the wall structure is not conducive to the safe evacuation of personnel at the building escalator exits after a fire; and after a fire occurs in the staircase structure and the wall + staircase structure, they are both in a hazardous condition, resulting in the inability to evacuate personnel safely.

Key words: traffic engineering; fire simulation of subway station; visibility; available safe evacuation time (tASET); required safety evacuation time (tRSET)

摘要： 基于火灾人员疏散理论，建立了可用安全疏散时间(tASET)模型和必需安全疏散时间(tRSET)模型，分别对地铁站内的4种空间结构(空旷结构、墙壁结构、楼梯结构、墙壁+楼梯结构)发生火灾后的关键位置（楼、扶梯出入口、站点出口）处的人员疏散时间进行了研究。采用Pyrosim对火灾发展情况进行模拟，采用Pathfinder对人员疏散情况进行仿真；对比分析了4种空间结构下地铁站关键位置的tASET和tRSET，对不同起火位置的安全性进行判定。研究结果表明：tASET主要由能见度到达临界状态的时间决定；tRSET主要根据楼、扶梯出入口和站点出口的疏散情况决定。在所选取的4种空间结构中，仅有空旷结构发生火灾后，人员能安全疏散；墙壁结构发生火灾后，不利于楼扶梯出口处人员安全疏散；楼梯结构、墙壁+楼梯结构发生火灾后，均处于危险状态，导致人员无法安全疏散。

关键词: 交通工程；地铁站火灾模拟；能见度；可用安全疏散时间(tASET)；必需安全疏散时间(tRSET)