Abstract: Automatic driving realizes partial or complete automatic operation of road traffic through the organic integration of transportation tools, infrastructure and operation control, which is a profound change for the traditional transportation mode and travel mode. Firstly, the concept and significance of automatic driving was summarized. Then, three key technologies of autonomous driving vehicle, including environmental perception, autonomous decision-making and motion control, were described. And then, the problems of the development of automatic driving technology existing in four aspects were analyzed, such as laws and regulations and ethical problems to be solved, lack of testing and evaluation methods, improvement of standard system and attention to system safety. Finally, it is pointed out that in the future, automatic driving may develop in parallel along two routes: promote and apply the auxiliary driving function below L3 on open roads to improve driving safety and road traffic efficiency; promote the normal operation of unmanned technologies such as automatic driving in the park with less restrictions by laws and regulations and relatively closed environment, and build supporting intelligent infrastructure to improve production and operation efficiency.

Key words: vehicle engineering; autopilot; environmental perception; autonomous decision-making; motion control; technology development

摘要： 自动驾驶通过载运工具、基础设施与运行管控的有机融合，实现道路交通部分或完全自动化运行，是对传统运输模式和出行方式的一次深刻变革。首先，概述了自动驾驶的概念和意义。然后，阐述了自动驾驶汽车主要涉及的环境感知、自主决策和运动控制三大关键技术。接着，分析了自动驾驶技术发展存在法律法规和伦理问题有待解决、测试和评价方法缺失、标准体系有待健全、系统安全需引起重视等四大方面的问题。最后，指出未来自动驾驶可能呈现两条路线并行发展的态势：在开放道路上推广应用L3级以下辅助驾驶功能，提升驾驶安全，提高道路通行效率；在法律法规制约较少、环境相对封闭的园区内推动自动驾驶等无人化技术常态化运行，并配套建设智能化基础设施，改善生产和作业效率。

关键词: 车辆工程; 自动驾驶；环境感知；自主决策；运动控制；技术发展