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21 November 2025, Volume 44 Issue 11 Previous Issue   
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Modern Traffic Equipment
Traffic & Transportation+Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Traffic Infrastructure


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Modern Traffic Equipment

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Influencing Factors of Liquid Cooling Heat Dissipation Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries LIU Feifei, LIU Shuaihua, LI Jianqiang, QIN Wu, LI Jun 2025, 44(11): 1-10.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.01 Abstract ( )   PDF (14020KB) ( )   The operating temperature of the lithium-ion battery greatly affects its performance, cycle life and safety, therefore, a reasonable design of the cooling system of battery thermal management is conducive to ensuring that the battery can work in the optimal temperature range. Taking 18650 cylindrical battery as the research object, the heat dissipation structure of the battery module with S-shaped liquid cooling channel was designed. Based on the validation of the monomer model, the effects of the mass flow rate of coolant (ma), and height ratio (β), channel width (H6), wrapping angle (θ) and channel quantity (N) of the liquid cooling channel on heat dissipation performance were investigated. Results show that β, ma, θ and N all have great impact on the heat dissipation of the battery module, while H6 has a relatively small impact. When H6 is 4 mm, Tmax is only 0.20 ℃ higher than that when H6 is 2 mm. When β is 0.9, Tmax is 2.62 ℃ lower than that when β is 0.3. When ma is 0.10 kg/s, Tmax is 2.29 ℃ lower than that when ma is 0.01 kg/s. When θ is 105°, Tmax is decreased by 2.03 ℃, compared with that when θ is 60°. When β is 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 respectively, Tmax of the module with four-channel is 2.02 ℃, 2.69 ℃, 2.74 ℃, 1.66 ℃ and 0.27 ℃ lower than that with one-channel, respectively. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Two-Stage Warning Method for Tanker Rollover Based on Vehicle-Road Cooperative Perception PAN Kexian1, WEI Kun2, HU Weiming3 2025, 44(11): 11-17.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.02 Abstract ( )   PDF (2820KB) ( )   To address the issues of untimely, inaccurate, and unreliable rollover warnings for tanker trucks, a two-stage warning method based on vehicle-road collaborative perception was proposed, comprising pre-incident warning and in-process warning. In the pre-incident warning, tire pressure monitoring and vehicle-road communication were used to perceive tire and road conditions in real time, which expanded the scope and types of hazard identification and provided timely warnings in case of potential risks. In the in-process warning, the rollover threshold was dynamically estimated, and a long short-term memory network was employed, integrating with roll angle, lateral acceleration and yaw rate to predict the roll state, enabling accurate and reliable rollover warnings. To verify the performance of the proposed method, real vehicle tests were conducted in a closed testing ground. The research results demonstrate that the feasibility of pre-incident warning is verified under various working conditions, and the in-process warning achieves an accuracy of 98.65% during steering and lane-changing maneuvers. The proposed method covers the entire anti-rollover process and effectively enhances the driving safety of tanker trucks. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Path Tracking Control of Unmanned Vehicle Based on Adaptive Preview Time TIAN Jie1, WU Tong1, PAN Xin2, WANG Xiaoqi3 2025, 44(11): 18-25.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.03 Abstract ( )   PDF (3645KB) ( )   The path tracking control of unmanned vehicle is one of the key technologies in the field of autonomous driving. The hub motor driven unmanned vehicle was selected as the research object, and a path tracking controller with adaptive preview time was designed. Firstly, the ideal autonomous vehicle model of two-degree-of-freedom monorail was established. Secondly, based on the model predictive control algorithm, a path tracking controller of unmanned vehicle with fixed preview time was designed, and the front wheel angle required for tracking the reference path was calculated. On this basis, based on the fuzzy control principle, a path tracking controller of unmanned vehicle with adaptive pre-view time was designed. Through the verification of MATLAB/Simulink simulation, the results show that compared with the controller with fixed preview time, the controller with adaptive preview time reduces the lateral deviation by 21.5% and the yaw angle deviation by 17.2% and has higher path tracking accuracy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Four-Dimensional Hierarchical Multiple Residual Neural Network for Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis DU Hongyue1, FAN Chongjun1, HUANG Xiang1, DONG Shaojiang1, ZHAO Xingxin2 2025, 44(11): 26-35.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.04 Abstract ( )   PDF (3279KB) ( )   Aiming at the problems of imbalance in the training samples for bearing failure under the background of industrial noise, difficulty in accurate identification of weak early fault features and difficulty in fully mining multi-dimensional correlation features, a fault diagnosis method of rolling bearing based on four-dimensional hierarchical multiple residual neural networks (FH-ResNeMt) was proposed. Firstly, the multi-dimensional hierarchical denoising module (MHDM) was introduced as a primary residual construction unit, and the multi-scale correlation feature extraction and adaptive filtering were realized by effectively integrating self-calibrated hybrid dilated convolution. Secondly, the feature enhanced architecture (FEA) was constructed with Hourglass network as the second residual structure, which solved the problem of information loss caused by feature compression from high-dimensional space to low-dimensional space when processing spatial information transformation. Finally, residual split-attention network (ResNeSt) was integrated to construct cross-channel multi-dimensional feature correlation and make full use of different dimensional features by introducing a third residual structure. The experimental results show that the average accuracy of FH-ResNeMt on JNU and PU rolling bearing data sets reaches 99.84 % and 99.56 %, respectively. The proposed method shows the advantages of rapid convergence and high accuracy on the bearing fault data set (CME) of Chongqing Changjiang Bearing Co., Ltd., which provides important theoretical support for bearing fault analysis and life cycle management. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Traffic & Transportation+Artificial Intelligence

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Risk Analysis of LPG Railway Tanker Transportation Leakage Based on Dynamic Bayesian Networks ZHANG Yuzhao1,2, CHANG Quansheng1,2, SHI Guyue1, SHEN Yaoguang3 2025, 44(11): 36-43.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.05 Abstract ( )   PDF (2631KB) ( )   To reveal the temporal evolution patterns of risks in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) railway tanker transportation, a dynamic Bayesian network risk assessment model integrated with temporal dimensions was proposed. By employing a bow-tie model to unify fault tree analysis and event tree analysis method, a static risk topology structure for transportation leakage accidents was constructed, incorporating temporal parameters to characterize dynamic risk propagation. Based on GeNIe platform, numerical simulations and backward reasoning were conducted. Research results show that: ①the probability of leakage accident in initial state is 13.43%, escalating to 48.13% after 4 h without intervention; ②explosion accidents are more likely to occur after leakage, and the risks exhibit nonlinear escalation, with accident probability occurring within 4 hours increasing from 4.18% to 14.99%;③safety accessory/equipment failures and abnormal tanker pressure emerge as critical causative factors of leakage. The research demonstrates that dynamic Bayesian networks can effectively quantify time-varying risks of hazardous material transportation systems, providing theoretical support for dynamic early warning and intervention decision-making in leakage accidents. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mining of Hotspot Areas for Urban Taxi Passengers-Seeking and Recommendation Method for Preferential Selection ZHOU Dan1, LOU Benxiao1, GU Guobin2, ZHONG Chujie3, SUN Jiayu4 2025, 44(11): 44-52.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.06 Abstract ( )   PDF (13420KB) ( )   In order to solve the problem of single evaluation index for taxi passenger-seeking area, a comprehensive evaluation model introducing Pythagorean fuzzy induced ordered weighted logarithmic mean distance operator was proposed. With the help of GSCAN spatial clustering algorithm based on grid density, the proposed method mined the hotspot information of passenger boarding and alighting contained in the massive trajectory data, and then an index system consisting of operation indexes and road indexes was proposed to complete the evaluation of passenger-seeking area. The taxi trajectory data from a weekday morning rush hour in Chengdu, the distribution of areas with high probability of carrying passengers during weekday morning peak hour in Chengdu was mined and the preferred recommended areas were evaluated. The results show that the optimal destination with the west gate of the Dongtong community as the starting point of passenger-seeking is the Chengdu East Railway Station area, which has a passenger carrying rate of 57.8%, which is 28.0% higher than the average level of the alternative areas, and the number of traffic lights per kilometer is 9.0% lower than the average level, which matched the actual situation of Chengdu East Railway Station, where there is a high demand for taxis and well-equipped road facilities. The research results can provide a decision-making basis for the taxi drivers to search for passengers. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction of the Carbon Peak Time for Road Traffic in Fujian Province CHEN Lifen, XU Shihao, CHEN Yinfeng 2025, 44(11): 53-60.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.07 Abstract ( )   PDF (1008KB) ( )   Carbon emissions are a critical issue in global ecological governance. In China, the transportation industry is a major source of carbon emissions, ranking only after the energy industry, manufacturing and construction. Taking road traffic vehicles in Fujian Province as the research object, combined with the basic data such as the economy, population and vehicle ownership of this province, the accuracy of the grey prediction model and the Gompertz-based model was compared. Three low-carbon scenarios, including conventional, enhanced and aggressive ones, were set up to predict the carbon emissions from road transportation in Fujian Province from 2021 to 2035. The prediction results indicate that the accuracy of the Gompertz model prediction method is higher than that of the grey prediction method. Under the current trend, it is difficult for Fujian Province to achieve carbon peaking in road transportation by 2030. However, through measures such as promoting new energy vehicles, optimizing travel structure, and improving engine energy efficiency, it is expected to reach the peak in 2029. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Emergency Material Scheduling Optimization of Maritime Multiple Accident Points Considering Demand Urgency CHANG Zheng, ZHEN Xin, QI Zhuang, FAN Xingcan 2025, 44(11): 61-67.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.08 Abstract ( )   PDF (1144KB) ( )   Maritime accidents occur frequently, which puts forward higher requirements for the effectiveness and timeliness of emergency material scheduling. Especially in situations where multiple accidents occur simultaneously and supplies are in short supply, the rational allocation of resources has become particularly important. In order to solve this problem, an emergency material scheduling model for maritime multiple accident points considering the demand urgency was proposed, and an adaptive weight-mutation-multi-objective particle swarm optimization (AW-M-MOPSO) algorithm was designed to solve it. Firstly, the entropy weight-TOPSIS method was introduced to determine the demand urgency of each accident point. Secondly, with the goal of maximizing the fairness of material distribution, minimizing the total cost of emergency rescue and minimizing the total time of emergency rescue, an optimization model of emergency material scheduling for maritime multiple accident points was constructed. Finally, AW-M-MOPSO was designed to solve the model. The accident that occurred in the East China Sea was taken as a case study for model validation. The results show that the proposed model can effectively allocate resources flexibly according to the urgency of each accident point and optimize the rescue time and rescue cost while ensuring that the needs of each accident point are met fairly. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intelligent Allocation of Airport Gate Assignment Based on Dynamic Task Graphs HOU Jinyi, LI Boyu, LI Haifeng, FAN Longfei, CHEN Yuhang 2025, 44(11): 68-75.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.09 Abstract ( )   PDF (1688KB) ( )   In air transportation, flights and aircraft parking positions at airports often change, and the efficient dynamic allocation of parking bays is necessary. An intelligent aircraft parking position allocation scheme based on dynamic task graphs and the advantage actor-critic algorithm (A2C) was proposed. A dynamic task graph model of flights and aircraft parking positions was constructed by the graph structure method. Graph feature vectors were extracted to form the task state space, and an intelligent agent model for aircraft parking position allocation was constructed. A solution method based on the advantage actor-critic algorithm was designed. Experimental research was conducted by the use of the data of Beijing Daxing International Airport. The results show that the proposed aircraft parking position allocation scheme increases the bridge-proximity rate of pre-allocated aircraft parking positions by 5.6%, and the bridge-proximity rate of dynamically allocated aircraft parking positions by 6.4%. The proposed allocation scheme enables efficient dynamic and intelligent allocation of aircraft parking positions and provides decision support for the scheduling of aircraft parking position resources at busy airports. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Intelligent Traffic Infrastructure

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Gradient Threshold of Long Downhill Slope of Expressway Considering Driver-Vehicle-Road Interaction HE Yunyong1, HE Enhuai1, ZHANG Le1,2, ZHANG Yan3, SUN Lu1 2025, 44(11): 76-84.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.10 Abstract ( )   PDF (1435KB) ( )   To obtain the design index of longitudinal slope gradient which met the safety of highway operation, the longitudinal slope gradient threshold of four kinds of vehicle speeds from 9 to 12 gears of truck was studied under two modes of engine-assisted braking and exhaust-assisted braking by theoretical calculation. A real vehicle test was carried out on the Ya’an-Xichang Expressway to obtain the driver’s heart rate and visual workload characteristics, and the slope threshold that met the driver’s psychological and visual safety needs was studied. The results show that the longitudinal slope length decreases with the increase of slope, and there is a gradient threshold to make the slope length unlimited. The gradient threshold decreases approximately linearly with the increase of the braking gear of the truck. The gradient threshold for ensuring braking safety when a truck is driving downhill at high speed in 12th gear is 2.80%. In the process of driving on the long longitudinal slope of the expressway, the growth rate of the driver heart rate conforms to the normal distribution and is linearly related to the longitudinal slope gradient. There is a quadratic function correlation between the driver’s visual workload intensity and the longitudinal slope gradient in the straight slope section, and an exponential correlation in the curved slope section. The gradient threshold that meets the driver’s psychological and visual safety needs is 2.96%. Therefore, the safety requirements of vehicles and drivers can be met by taking 2.80% as the threshold for the gradient of long downhill slope on highways. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Flowability Prediction of Cement Mortar Considering the Effect of Polycarboxylic Acid Water Reducing Agent and Fly Ash ZHENG Dan1, SHEN Qiulong1, FU Guangchuan2, LI Xinxin1 2025, 44(11): 85-92.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.11 Abstract ( )   PDF (3242KB) ( )   To address the prediction of cement mortar rheological properties, the working performance of mortar under different dosages of water-reducer, with sand-to-cement ratios of 0.75 and 0.85, as well as a sand-to-cement ratio of 0.75 with 30% fly ash admixture was studied by conducting mortar pile density (wet measurement method) tests and mortar expansion tests. Based on the water film thickness theory, a modified water film thickness model considering the influence of water-reducer was proposed, enabling quantitative analysis between water film thickness and relative expansion space. The research reveals that while water-reducers enhance mortar bulk density, they exhibit saturation characteristics. Meanwhile, the physical filling effect of fly ash synergistically increases water film thickness. The modified water film thickness, considering the influence of water reducers, exhibits a linear positive correlation with relative expansion degree. The results can provide a certain reference basis for predicting the flowability of mortar. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Skid Resistance Performance of Aeolian Sand Pavement Based on Multi-resolution Fractals SUN Zhaoyun, LIU Huiying, WENG Yuhan, GU Yingbin 2025, 44(11): 93-100.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.12 Abstract ( )   PDF (11311KB) ( )   The three-dimensional texture properties of asphalt pavement have a decisive influence on the evaluation of the skid resistance of roads. Existing studies mainly focus on the statistical geometric properties of the pavement texture. Although some studies have explored the self-affine similarity and spectral properties of pavement texture, its intrinsic correlation mechanism with the skid resistance of pavements still needs to be further investigated. Therefore, a multi-resolution fractal analysis method was proposed for multi-scale analysis of pavement texture. Firstly, by integrating wavelet transform and fractal theory, the wavelet decomposition was performed on the textures of three typical graded specimens under different sand accumulation states. Then, the high and low frequency textures were reconstructed layer by layer, and the fractal and spectral features were extracted to construct a multi-resolution fractal data set. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the constructed multi-resolution fractal dataset was analyzed and verified by comparing the mainstream machine learning models such as XGBoost, CatBoost, NGBoost and LightGBM. The results show that LightGBM has the highest goodness of fit, with an R2 of 88.90% and a root mean square error of 3.59. In addition, it is revealed that under different sand accumulation conditions, the single fractal dimension D exhibits a variation rule of first increasing and then decreasing as the number of decomposition layers progresses, ultimately tending towards stabilization. Moreover, the multiple fractal characteristics of three different graded samples are furtherly investigated, revealing their differences in multiple fractal spectra. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-factor Analysis of Stability of Super-Long Span Rigid Skeleton Arch Bridge KANG Ling, CHEN Ming, MOU Tingmin, WANG Huan 2025, 44(11): 101-108.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.13 Abstract ( )   PDF (4336KB) ( )   To investigate the stability performance of super-long span rigid skeleton concrete arch bridges, the Tian’e Longtan Bridge was taken as the engineering background, the trail designs of three kinds of super-long span (750 m, 850 m, and 950 m) rigid skeleton concrete arch bridges were conducted according to actual bridge site terrain conditions. Through the orthogonal experimental design combining with range analysis and ANOVA methods, the influence patterns of various parameters on arch bridge stability were systematically studied. An innovative “工”-shaped concrete cross brace was proposed, which was compared with the traditional “I”-shaped, “K”-shaped and “米”-shaped cross braces. The research results demonstrate that: the height-to-span ratio at the crown serves as the critical control factor for in-plan stability, while out-of-plan stability is jointly influenced by the width-to-span ratio and the upper flange width of the “工”-shaped brace. The novel “工”-shaped brace achieves coordinated optimization of in-plan and out-of-plan stability through flange width adjustment, and its out-of-plan stability bearing capacity has an significant improvement compared to those of conventional configurations. The “工”-shaped concrete cross brace exhibits superior resistance to out-of-plan instability and economic efficiency compared to traditional solutions, providing a novel technical approach for super-long span arch bridge design. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Floating Facility Positioning Characteristics Based on Self-driven Mutual Coupling Mechanism WU Jun1, PAN Jingwei2, HE Zairan2, ZENG Xiaoyan2 2025, 44(11): 109-116.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.11.14 Abstract ( )   PDF (3679KB) ( )   Currently, floating facilities combing high-precision positioning capabilities with the characteristic of requiring no external driving force remain a technical challenge in mountainous rivers. To address this, a novel inland water floating facility equipped with a self-driven mutually coupled tension mooring system was proposed. Through theoretical research, mechanical analysis was conducted on the overall floating facility and the self-driven mutually coupled mechanism, and the theoretical formula for positioning accuracy was derived. Combined with physical experiments, the effects of flow velocity and water level on positioning performance were investigated. The research results show that under different flow velocities, the maximum planar offset of the floating facility is 0.32 m. The self-driven mutually coupled mechanism dynamically adjusts the cable forces at the bow and stern, with the bow cable force being greater than that at the stern, and the total cable force remains stable at around 2 250 kN on average. Under different water levels, the maximum planar offset is 0.2 m. The proposed novel floating facility possesses self-restraint high-precision positioning capability and adaptive adjustment characteristics of tensioning cable tension without external driving force. References | Related Articles | Metrics