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20 May 2025, Volume 44 Issue 5 Previous Issue   
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Bridge and Tunnel Engineering
Port and Waterway Engineering · Hydraulic and Hydroelectric Engineering
Transportation+Big Data & Artificial Intelligence


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Bridge and Tunnel Engineering

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Discussion on the Verification Method of Bridge Clearance Width under Cross-Currents Exceeding the Limit XU Guangxiang1，CHEN Qinzhi1，LI Fan2，ZHOU Qiankai3，WANG Duoyin1 2025, 44(5): 1-7.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.01 Abstract ( )   PDF (4207KB) ( )   In the context of bridges spanning navigable rivers with cross-currents exceeding a limit of 0.8 m/s, inland navigation standards provide only qualitative regulations without specifying an exact verification method for the clearance width. The reconstruction of the Yuanshui River Bridge right branch navigation hole in the Taoyuan second-line ship lock project served as a case study to explore the verification methods for bridge clearance width when cross-current limit was surpassed. It was suggested that after the cross-current limit was exceeded, the demonstration could be carried out through a triple verification method, including channel width verification, projection net width verification after rotating the bridge axis to prevent cross-currents from exceeding the limit and verification of whether the navigation hole crossed the navigation water area in one hole. Utilizing experimental data in bridge area tested by a 1:100 normal river engineering model, the distribution of current directions and cross-currents, as well as their unfavorable measurement points were displayed in the form of numerical vector graphs, and the clearance width of the reconstructed Yuanshui River Bridge right branch navigation hole was demonstrated and verified. The results indicate that the triple verification method is more suitable for situations where cross-currents exceed the limit. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nonlinear Analysis of Bonding Shear Properties of UHPC Cladding-Steel Tube Interface QIN Zhiqing1, WU Qingxiong2, XU Zhikun2, YUAN Huihui2 2025, 44(5): 8-18.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.02 Abstract ( )   PDF (4589KB) ( )   To investigate the shear bond properties of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) cladding-steel tube interface, a refined solid finite element model of the UHPC cladding-steel tube interface specimen was established by the large-scale general finite element (FE) software ABAQUS. The material constitutive models and contact relationships of each component of the specimen were discussed, and a comparison was made with experimental results to verify the validity of the established FE model. Furthermore, the bonding shear performance and failure mechanism of different interface construction measures of the UHPC cladding-steel tube interface were studied, meanwhile, the influence of construction parameters was analyzed. The research results show that when reaching the interface bearing capacity, the ordinary interface of the UHPC cladding-steel tube only resists the interface shear force through friction, whereas the interface specimen with shear connectors resists the interface shear force through both friction and mechanical interlocking. The studs have the best effect on increasing the ultimate bond shear strength of the interface. When the thickness of the UHPC cladding layer is less than 40 mm, the vertical or circumferential rebars can be used as the shear connectors at the interface of the UHPC cladding-steel tube. The bonding shear strength of the UHPC cladding-steel tube interface increases with the increase of UHPC strength, cladding thickness and shear connector diameter, while decreases with the increase of steel tube outer diameter. Finally, based on the FE parameter analysis results, a simplified calculation method for the bonding shear strength of the UHPC cladding-steel tube interface with different interface construction measures is proposed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Method for Predicting the Dynamic Response of Bridges under Heavy-Load Vehicles Based on Deep Learning WU Xiaoguang1, XU Kaiao1, HUANG Qian2 2025, 44(5): 19-26.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.03 Abstract ( )   PDF (2198KB) ( )   In order to ensure the safety of the bridge in the environment of heavy-load vehicles, the bridge response was predicted. Firstly, a simply supported box girder and two-axle heavy-load vehicles were selected as the research objects, Abaqus software was used to establish the bridge model, and the dload subroutine was used to simulate the driving process of heavy-load vehicles. Secondly, the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) signal decomposition model was established to improve the response prediction effect. Then, a long short term memory (LSTM) cyclic network was constructed to train and predict the decomposed signal, and compared with the single LSTM model. Finally, in order to verify the prediction ability of the proposed model under actual noise data, the data complexity was increased by adding a specified signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) noise data, and then the stability of the proposed model was verified. The results show that applying the CEEMDAN decomposition algorithm to the LSTM model for predicting the acceleration, deflection and strain of bridges under heavy-load environment can effectively improve the prediction effect of the proposed model, with improvements in all indicators. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Simulation of Time Domain of Non-Gaussian Turbulence Induced Buffeting of Long-Span Bridges SUN Lizhou1, GUO Junhua2, YE Fei2, LUO Haisheng2, WANG Zezheng3,4 2025, 44(5): 27-37.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.04 Abstract ( )   PDF (4955KB) ( )   In bridge buffeting analysis, the Gaussian process assumption is widely applied to three aspects: turbulence, wind loads, and wind-induced structural vibrations. However, the atmospheric boundary layer, particularly near the central regions of tropical cyclones, often exhibits non-Gaussian turbulence characteristics. The short-duration high-speed airflow in such conditions can amplify structural dynamic responses. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the impact of non-Gaussian turbulence on flexible structures, especially long-span bridges, and compare their wind-induced vibration responses with those under conventional Gaussian turbulence. A time-domain buffeting analysis method for bridges, employing rational function approximations to unsteady self-excited aerodynamic forces and aerodynamic admittance, was utilized to compute vibrations under both Gaussian and non-Gaussian turbulence excitations. The non-Gaussian turbulence time histories were simulated using the Hermite polynomial transformation. Statistical results of bridge buffeting responses were obtained through Monte Carlo simulations. The findings reveal that vibration processes under excitation of both turbulence types conform to Gaussian distributions. However, the skewness of non-Gaussian turbulence significantly increases the root mean square (RMS) values and peak values of buffeting responses at identical wind speeds. Notably, the response growth rate diminishes as wind speed increases, while the peak factor exhibits a slight increase with higher turbulence skewness. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intelligent Cable Force Tracking Strategy for Bridges Based on Cable Vibration Data XIONG Liang1, ZHENG Yunwen2, ZHANG Likui1, XIONG Wen2 2025, 44(5): 38-45.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.05 Abstract ( )   PDF (1388KB) ( )   To precisely obtain the dynamic variation behavior of cable-stayed cables during the operation of cable-stayed bridges, and identify the stayed cable natural frequency and cable force, an intelligent cable force tracking strategy method based on the vibration data of cables was proposed. The proposed method took the acceleration response of the stayed cable as input and implemented the fast Fourier transform method to convert the time-domain acceleration signal into a frequency-domain power spectral density map, so as to extract the vibration frequency information of the stayed cable. Subsequently, based on the peak-picking algorithm, the power spectral density map was processed to achieve automatic search and extraction of peak values, thereby obtaining the natural frequencies of each order of the stayed cable. Based on the Laida criterion method, the peak spacing and peak relative height difference were discriminated to eliminate the pseudo-peaks, thereby ensuring the accuracy of identifying the natural frequency of the stayed cable. Finally, based on the vibration string theory, the cable force value of the stayed cable was calculated out according to its natural frequency and geometric parameters, achieving a rapid conversion from natural frequency to cable force of stayed cable. The research results show that the proposed method can quickly and efficiently obtain the frequency of each order of the stayed cable and the corresponding information of cable force, and can efficiently distinguish the authenticity of peaks in spectrograms, which has high accuracy and stability in identifying cable force. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the structural health monitoring data of a full-scale cable-stayed bridge, which proves the capability and reliability of the proposed method in practical engineering. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accurate Analytical Method for Sag Effect of Ultra Long Stay Cables MENG Yangjun1，2, LI Can3 2025, 44(5): 46-51.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.06 Abstract ( )   PDF (960KB) ( )   The use of Ernst formula to study the sag effect of stay cables has limitations such as assumption of parabolic shape for stay cables and having large errors at low stress levels. A precise analytical method for the characteristic parameters of cable sag effect based on the catenary method was proposed, which solved the characteristic parameters of sag effect such as equivalent elastic modulus Eeq, mid span vertical sag f, and cable end (tower end) inclination correction value β0 (βL) by formulating the catenary parameters of stay cables. A comparative analysis was conducted between the precise analytical method and the ANSYS simulation results. By selecting the parameters of stay cables in a certain actual engineering, the precise analytical method was applied to analyze Eeq, mid span vertical sag f and tower end inclination correction value βL of stay cable under stress levels of σ = 0.1σu, 0.4σu and 0.8σu and compared with the results of Ernst formula analysis. The results show that the maximum relative error between the precise analysis results and the ANSYS simulation analysis results is 0.02%, which verifies the accuracy and reliability of the precise analytical method. Under different stress levels, as the horizontal projection length increases, Eeq of the stay cable gradually decreases, while f and βL gradually increase, and the maximum relative errors with the Ernst formula calculation results reach 28.35%, 15.47% and 19.14%, respectively. The precise analytical method for analyzing the sag effect of stay cables has high accuracy and is easy to calculate. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Simulation and Experimental Research on the Composite Cushion Layer of Sand and Fiberglass Grating for Shed Tunnel Based on the Concept of Impact Stress Blocking WANG Xing1,2, HE Xiongfei1,2, LI Pan3,4, MEI Hua5, HU Zhaoxia5 2025, 44(5): 52-58.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.07 Abstract ( )   PDF (2969KB) ( )   In response to the problem of the protective structure of shed tunnels impacted by dangerous rock and rockfall, indoor experiments and numerical simulation methods were used to explore the stress and deformation laws of shed tunnels composite cushion layer of sand and fiberglass grating under the impact of rockfall. The research results show that compared with the pure sand cushion layer shed tunnels, the impact load distribution on the roof of the new type of shed trunnel is more uniform. The peak stress of the roof of the latter is 69.9% of that of the pure sand cushion layer, and the displacement of the slab belly is 76.6% of that of the sand cushion layer. To further verify the protective effect of the new type shed tunnel structure, a calculation model consistent with the size of the shed tunnel on site was constructed. The results show that the peak impact stress of the abdominal unit of the new type shed tunnel roof is 44.4% of the sand cushion layer, and the peak displacement of the abdominal unit of the roof is 65.3% of the sand cushion layer. The composite cushion layer of sand and fiberglass grating has a significant blocking effect on the impact stress of falling rocks, greatly avoiding the stress concentration state at the center of the roof belly, reducing the peak stress and displacement of the roof belly, and greatly improving the safety factor of the shed tunnel roof against falling rocks and cutting. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Port and Waterway Engineering · Hydraulic and Hydroelectric Engineering

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Bearing Characteristics of Pile Groups Passing through Beaded Karst Areas LI Longqi, HE Min, WANG Andi 2025, 44(5): 59-66.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.08 Abstract ( )   PDF (4224KB) ( )   Based on Nanyu high-speed railway in Guangxi, combined with physical model test and finite element numerical simulation, the influence of different cave height and cave radius on load transfer and bearing capacity of foundation piles in karst area was analyzed. The research results show that the axial force and lateral friction resistance of pile groups in karst area is affected by the radius and height of karst cave. Under the same load, the variation of cave radius has a greater impact on axial force and lateral friction resistance. The axial force and lateral friction resistance of each foundation pile is as follows: corner pile>edge pile>center pile. The corner pile bears the most force. After the pile top load is applied step by step, the effect of group pile is more obvious. The axial force of each foundation pile is increasing continuously, the difference in axial force between the center pile and the corner pile continues to increase, and the load sharing at the pile top becomes more uneven. Under the same load, the lower the height of the karst cave, the larger the radius of the karst cave, the greater the settlement of the pile foundation, the smaller the lateral friction resistance of the pile body, the poorer the overall bearing capacity of the pile foundation, and the more likely the karst cave roof is to be damaged under external loads. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Parameter Valuing Method of Modified Hardening Small-Strain Model Considering the Structural Property of Soft Clay ZHANG Zhenyu1, JIN Xin2, ZHAI Honggang2, SUN Miaomiao3,4, WU Xi3,4 2025, 44(5): 67-74.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.09 Abstract ( )   PDF (914KB) ( )   By installing a bending element module dynamic triaxial apparatus and a series of conventional consolidation instruments for indoor testing and referencing the open excavation foundation pit project of the long and big tunnel in western Hangzhou, the hardening small-strain model (HSS) of soil was considered. On this basis, the structural parameter ω of soft clay was introduced, and a modified hardening small-strain (MHSS) model parameter valuing method considering the structure of soft clay was obtained, which could improve the calculation accuracy of deformation within the soil constitutive model and reasonably analyze and determine early warning thresholds for pit deformation in long and big tunnel projects. The proposed research method can make it easier for practical engineering to obtain accurate hardening small-strain model parameters through geological survey reports. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the Maintenance and Dredging Effects and Strategy Optimization for Zhajiao Beach in the Fluctuating Backwater Area of the Three Gorges Reservoir ZHU Binhua, LIU Zuofei, DU Xinwen, SHI Xiaoguang 2025, 44(5): 75-80.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.10 Abstract ( )   PDF (2442KB) ( )   Zhajiao Beach is a critical maintenance area within the fluctuating backwater zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, facing issues such as insufficient effective navigational width and large difficulty in ensuring the safe passage of vessels. Starting from the maintenance dredging technology plan, construction process, dredging effects and timing of construction in 2022, a comprehensive analysis, summary and evaluation of the maintenance and dredging of Zhajiao Beach was conducted. The evaluation results show that after the dredging operations at Zhajiao Beach, the navigational conditions have a significant improvement. The dredging design plan is well-adapted to the evolutionary patterns of the river section, variation trends of water level and traffic impacts on navigation channel. And the choice of dredging timing and dynamic onsite management are reasonable and standardized. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloud Model of the Landslide-Generated Surge Hazard and Its Application MU Ping1, WANG Pingyi1, HAN Linfeng1, YU Tao1, ZHANG Fan2 2025, 44(5): 81-87.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.11 Abstract ( )   PDF (1710KB) ( )   As a type of abrupt natural disaster, the prediction and prevention of landslide-generated surge disaster are important issues that need to be studied in engineering. Based on the analysis of the landslide-generated surge formation mechanism, a landslide-generated surge hazard assessment cloud model based on its evaluation index system including seven influencing factors was established, such as landslide scale, slope shape, lithology, height, water surface width, water depth and river channel characteristics. Moreover, the proposed cloud model was applied to three typical landslide cases in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The results indicate that the proposed cloud model theory can be used to study the hazard of the landslide-generated surge disasters. The hazard level of the typical landslide-generated surge disasters in the Three Gorges Reservoir area ranges from moderate to high. It is necessary to conduct real-time monitoring and early warning of potential landslide bodies in the reservoir area and to take corresponding measures. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of the Built Environment on the Long-Time Commuting Behavior of Urban Residents HE Mingwei, HUANG Shiheng, QIAN Qian, LIU Jie, LIU Yang 2025, 44(5): 88-94.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.12 Abstract ( )   PDF (1091KB) ( )   Long-time commuting has become a common issue faced by urban residents in China, seriously affecting the quality of life and commuting efficiency of residents. Taking the built-up area of Kunming as a case study, the nonlinear relationships and threshold effects between the built environment and the long-time commuting of urban residents were explored by the random forest model. The research results show that the sum of the relative importance of the built environment to residents long-time commuting is 80.8%, far greater than individual socio-economic attributes. The self-sufficiency index has the greatest and negative impact on long-time commuting, followed by population density, road network density and employment density. Furthermore, there are nonlinear relationships between the built environment and long-time commuting of residents. Population density, employment density, road network density, job-to-residence ratio, and bus stop density all exhibit clear threshold effects on long-time commuting. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Transportation+Big Data & Artificial Intelligence

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Characteristics of Expressway Traffic Flow Based on Active Traffic Management Requirements SHAO Changqiao, DONG Wenyan 2025, 44(5): 95-101.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.13 Abstract ( )   PDF (1565KB) ( )   In order to adapt to the needs of active traffic management strategies, the traffic flow characteristics of expressways were studied. Based on the traffic microwave radar detector data, the traffic flow wave speed theory and the macro traffic flow model were used to divide the traffic flow state into non-congested state, transitional state and congested state. According to the theory of traffic flow wave speed, the variation characteristics of density, speed and occupancy ratio of each lane under congestion state were analyzed, and the threshold of lane-level traffic state division was studied. The macro traffic flow models such as Pipes, Van Aerde and Newell were respectively used to fit the traffic flow section observation data and lane observation data, and the traffic flow parameters based on the macro traffic flow model were estimated. The research results show that there are significant differences in the traffic operation time series characteristics and traffic conditions of different lanes, and the Van Aerde model has the best fitting effect on the traffic flow operation data among the three classical models. Based on the comprehensive analysis results of traffic flow wave speed theory and macroscopic traffic flow models, the threshold for determining traffic flow state has been obtained. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Temporal Instability Analysis of Injury Severities for Older Pedestrians Considering Gender Differences PAN Yiyong, WANG Yi 2025, 44(5): 102-111.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.14 Abstract ( )   PDF (500KB) ( )   In order to explore the gender differences in injury severity involving elderly pedestrians, a random parameter Logit model with heterogeneity in means was used to analyze the heterogeneity and temporal instability of the influencing factors of injury severity of elderly pedestrians for males and females, respectively. The injury severity was classified into three categories, including property-damage-only injuries, minor injuries and serious injuries. 26 influencing factors were selected from four aspects such as people, vehicles, roads and the environment. The heterogeneity of influencing factors of accident severity was captured by the mean change of random parameters. The temporal instability of the influencing factors and transferability on gender were analyzed by using the logarithm likelihood ratio test, and the marginal effect was used to analyze the influence of each significant factor on accident injury severity. The research results show that: there are significant differences in the severity of accidents involving elderly pedestrians between males and females, and these factors exhibit significant temporal instability and non-transferability. Driver escape is only significant in elderly female traffic accidents in 2016, accidents occurring in the workplace are only significant in elderly male traffic accidents in 2017, the use of directional signs as a traffic control method is significant in elderly male traffic accidents from 2015 to 2017, and the use of crossroads as an intersection type is significant in elderly female traffic accidents from 2015 to 2017, but the effect on property-damage-only accidents show opposite effects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Energy-Saving Operation Optimization of Train Operation Based on Improved PID Search Algorithm HOU Tao，LAN Xiaobin 2025, 44(5): 112-120.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2025.05.15 Abstract ( )   PDF (1305KB) ( )   Optimization of energy-saving operation during high-speed train operation is to achieve energy-saving control by adjusting the train driving strategy while satisfying the constraints. Targeting the further energy-saving optimization issue of high-speed trains, a train energy consumption optimization method based on improved PID search algorithm was proposed. To enhance the optimization performance of the algorithm, sine-logistic fusion chaotic mapping was utilized for initializing the colony, fuzzy PID control was employed for realizing adaptive regulation of parameters, dynamic selection of T-distribution perturbation strategy was used to increase random information, the diversity of the population was enriched by reverse learning through lens imaging, the SA selection mechanism was introduced to expand search zone, and the advantage of the proposed method in convergence accuracy and convergence speed was verified through benchmark test functions. Then, with minimum energy consumption, punctuality and comfort as optimization objectives, an energy-saving operation optimization model for trains was established by adopting train homogenization rod modeling. Finally, based on the CRH3C train parameters, the actual line data from Weinan North Station to Huashan North Station was utilized for simulation. The results show that through the improved PID search algorithm optimization, compared with the train time-saving and the four-stage operation mode, the train can save 17.9% and 9.9% energy respectively under general speed limit, and the train can save 10.8% and 9.0% energy respectively under the temporary speed limit. The adjustment of the temporary arrival time of the train has been analyzed to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method. The research results provide a reference for optimizing the energy consumption of train operation. References | Related Articles | Metrics