Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University(Natural Science)

Dynamic Coordinate Control Research for PHEV Based on Virtual Simulation Development Platform

MA Chao1, YANG Kun1, JIN Shiwei1, REN Lipeng2, GAO Song1

2020, 39(11): 1-10. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.01

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A virtual simulation development platform (VSDP) was used to investigate the control strategy and vehicle performance of a dual axle coupling based 4-wheel-drive (4WD) plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Firstly, the composition and function of the VSDP were introduced, and the validity and accuracy of platform modeling analysis were ensured through the comparative analysis and verification of simulation data and real vehicle test. Secondly, using power flow and lever analysis method, the dynamic characteristics of the target system were analyzed, and the torque and speed transfer formulas under each driving mode were obtained. Based on the configuration of the target system, the vehicle dynamic system modeling was finished by using the VSDP. The driving strategy and mode switching control strategy of core components under each driving mode were developed and a dynamic coordinated control algorithm based on efficiency optimization was proposed. The research results verify the validity of the proposed vehicle driving strategy. Based on the analysis on the characteristic curves with/without dynamic coordinate control of dual motors, it is discovered that the proposed algorithm achieves the optimal control of the motor, and improves the efficiency by 4.26%.

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Prediction Method of Bus Passenger Flow Based on RS-IPSOSVM

HUANG Yishao1,2, HAN Lei2,3

2020, 39(11): 11-19. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.02

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In order to improve the accuracy of bus passenger flow forecasting, based on bus IC card data, the variation law and the influencing factors of bus passenger flow were explored, and a prediction method of bus passenger flow based on rough set (RS), improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. Firstly, the influencing factors of bus passenger flow were determined by deep mining of passenger flow data. Secondly, rough set was used to reduce the attributes of 13 initial influencing factors and eliminate redundant information to get 8 core influencing factors.Thirdly, the adaptive inertia weight and asynchronous learning factors were introduced to optimize the PSO algorithm, and the IPSO algorithm was used to find the global optimal parameters of the SVM. The kernel function was used to map the core influencing factors of bus passenger flow into high-dimensional space, and the nonlinear mapping relationship between the core influence factors and the bus passenger flow was fitted to realize the passenger flow prediction. Finally, the proposed method was verified by the data of bus passenger flow in Guangzhou. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the proposed method is above 90%, which simplifies the training samples, overcomes the blindness of SVM parameter selection, and effectively improves the practicability and reliability.

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Short-Term Traffic Flow Prediction Based on LSTM Algorithm with the Characteristics of Passenger Car Proportion

WENG Xiaoxiong，HAO Yi

2020, 39(11): 20-25. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.03

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In recent years, the traffic data has been increasing explosively. Accurate and timely prediction of traffic flow information is very important for intelligent transportation system. Based on LSTM neural network, a prediction method of short-time traffic flow considering the characteristics of passenger car proportion was proposed. The characteristics of passenger car proportion in the traffic flow data were extracted and the power spectrum was drawn by using the fast Fourier algorithm (FFT). The periodicity of the characteristics of passenger car proportion on expressway was verified. According to this, a prediction model of short-term traffic flow based on LSTM with the consideration of the characteristics of passenger car proportion was proposed, and an example of a toll station in Beihuan of Guangzhou was analyzed. The results show that the LSTM prediction model with the characteristics of passenger car proportion can effectively reduce the error of short-term traffic flow prediction and improve the accuracy of prediction.

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Lane Reduction Method Based on Narrow Road Concept

WU Lan, WANG Tongwei, LI Pengju, ZHAI Wei

2020, 39(11): 26-32. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.04

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In order to study the distribution of right-of-way after lane reduction, to strengthen the system functions of non-motorized lanes and sidewalks, and to optimize the road space for both motorized and non-motorized lanes, four lanes were designed to reduce to three lanes with two-way-left-turn lanes. The traffic capacity of single motorized lane, non-motorized lanes and sidewalks was calculated and analyzed. Traffic simulation on three-lane and four-lane road section was conducted. Based on the optimal left-turn vehicle ratio rL,opt and the traffic flow Q for reduced lanes, the delay and traffic flow characteristics before and after road reduction were studied. The results show that the total traffic capacity of the road section based on human travel is increased by 15% after the “four to three” lane reduction design. And left-turn vehicles from different directions are able to enter the two-way-left-turn lane in advance and the interference resulted from lane changes in the same direction will be reduced. Therefore, both the average speed and the traffic capacity of single lane are increased. When Q＜750 pcu/h and the left turn ratio rL＜30%, it is suitable for lane reduction design, and when Q=750 ~ 1 125 pcu/h, careful operation is required.

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Car-Following Modeling and Model Characterization for ACC Vehicles

QIN Yanyan1，WANG Hao2，HE Zhaoyi1，RAN Bin3

2020, 39(11): 33-37. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.05

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According to the shortcomings of adaptive cruise control (ACC) vehicular car-following modeling, a new ACC car-following model based on nonlinear dynamic headway was proposed and its characteristics were also analyzed. Based on the nonlinear dynamic headway strategy changing with the speed, the ACC car following model based on nonlinear dynamic headway strategy was established. From two perspectives of equilibrium and non-equilibrium states of traffic flow, the characteristics of the proposed model in traffic capacity improvement and car following model stability were analyzed, and compared with those of the previous models. The study results show that the proposed ACC car-following model can effectively enhance the traffic capacity of road and has good model stability, which can provide model reference for ACC modeling research.

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Vehicle Scheduling Optimization of Pure Electric Buses Based on Plug-in Recharge Mode

XIONG Jie1，BAI Chenyu1，LI Xiangnan2，CHEN Yanyan1

2020, 39(11): 38-44. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.06

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A pure electric bus scheduling optimization model was developed with the objective of minimizing the costs of the fleet size and deadhead operation, with the consideration of the constraints of trip time, vehicle mileage and recharge time. The model was used to optimize the vehicle schedules of multiple routes in a certain region and a genetic algorithm was designed to solve the problem. A real life case study based on three routes, i.e. Route 472, Route 473 and Route 79, which is terminated at the Liaogongzhuang Depot in Beijing was conducted to generate the optimal bus schedules of these routes. The results show that the optimized schedules effectively save the electric bus fleet size and the deadhead operating cost.

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Long Term Prediction of Container Throughput Based on Logistic Growth Model

YANG Bo1，LIU Yu1，YANG Zhenglong2

2020, 39(11): 45-50. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.07

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It is of great significance to predict the port container throughput correctly for port planning and design as well as the development of national economics and science. In order to reduce the error and improve the accuracy of prediction, a multi-factor dynamic generation coefficient method combined with logistic growth model was established, which fully utilized the advantages of the model in dealing with the behavior of complex systems. The prediction studies of port container throughput from 2005 to 2018 were carried out according to the historical data of Tianjin Port, Shanghai Port and Qingdao Port. The research results show that: the proposed logistic growth model can improve the medium and long-term prediction accuracy, and the prediction results are ideal. The container throughput of Tianjin Port in next decade is predicted again by using the modified method, which provides a certain reference value for regional port planning and layout. In addition, the application scope of logistic growth model is not only limited to container port prediction, but also has high utilization space for the prediction of population size, environmental bearing capacity, industrial growth and other aspects of urban total plan related to GDP.

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Residual Stress of New Double-Welded Rib-Plate Joint for Orthotropic Steel Bridge Deck

QIAN Ji1, 2, XU Zhenbo1

2020, 39(11): 51-58. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.08

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Taking the new double-welded of U-rib joint of steel bridge deck as the research object, the welding process of U-rib joint of steel bridge was simulated by finite element method, and the temperature field and residual stress field of U-rib weld and surrounding base metal were obtained by indirect coupling method. The differences of residual stress distribution between single welding and double welding were compared. The differences of residual stress peak and distribution caused by two different welding processes in the double side welding were discussed. Furthermore, the optimal temperature difference between layers was obtained by controlling the welding time interval of inner and outer fillet welds, which reduced the residual stress of welded joints. The results show that the longitudinal residual stress at the toe of double side welding is close to the yield strength of the base metal and will become a new fatigue hot spot. The greater residual stress will be generated when the inside and outside fillet welds of double-sided welding are welded simultaneously; therefore, keeping the welding process of internal welding firstly and external welding later is suggested. In a certain range of temperature difference, the distribution range of residual stress and peak stress of the welded joint and its surrounding thermal impact zone are positively correlated with the temperature difference between layers. Under the condition that the production schedule of U-rib remains unchanged, the residual stress of the roof obtained is relatively small when the temperature difference between layers is 100 ℃.

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Parametric Analysis on Mechanic Performance of Orthotropic Steel Bridge Deck with Folded Plate

WU Lili1，AN Lipei1,2

2020, 39(11): 59-65. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.09

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Aiming at the fatigue problem of the joint of longitudinal rib and cover plate, and the convergence of cover plate, longitudinal rib and beam in orthotropic steel bridge deck with closed ribs, a type of orthotropic steel bridge deck with folded plate was taken as the research object, and the numerical simulation test was carried out by applying wheel load at the most unfavorable position of the steel bridge deck. The influences of five section parameters, such as the thickness of the top plate dt, the thickness of the bottom plate db, and the thickness df, the height hf and the space lf of the folded plate, on the mechanical properties of the orthotropic steel bridge deck with folded plate were analyzed. Based on the middle beam segment of an orthotropic steel deck of a highway bridge, the itegral steel deck model analysis was carried out. According to the numerical simulation, the recommended design values of five section parameters of the orthotropic steel bridge deck are dt=11 mm、db=7 mm、dz=4 mm、hf=200 mm、lf=200 mm. The integral steel deck model analysis further confirmed that the steel bridge deck with folded plate not only avoids the most common part of fatigue, but also significantly improves the transverse mechanical properties of the bridge deck to a certain extent, while it has no effect on the longitudinal direction of the bridge.

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Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Combined Joints of Upper Bearing Beam-Arch Composite Rigid Frame Based on Damage Plasticity Constitutive Model

DING Yanchao1, XIANG Zhongfu1, LI Yayong2, ZHANG Xuesong1, ZHOU Yin1

2020, 39(11): 66-75. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.10

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In order to solve the complex force behavior problem of the combined beam-arch joints of long-span upper bearing beam-arch composite rigid frame, the ultimate bearing capacity of the combined beam-arch joints was investigated by the nonlinear analysis method of the prestressed reinforced concrete materials, which was based on Abaqus damage plastic constitutive model. The research results indicate that: at the intersection of beam and arch under 18 unfavorable load conditions, the maximum positive bending moment combination of the upper chord beam at the combined joints is the most unfavorable and controlling load case, and the ultimate bearing factor of the combined beam-arch joints under the most unfavorable load condition is 2.012, which shows that the coefficient of ultimate bearing capacity is greater than 1.4 and has certain safety reserves. The failure path of the beam-arch joints is as follows: from the tensile failure of the top chord beam bottom slab concrete, with the increase of load, the failure surface gradually extends to the upper chord web, and finally the upper chord beam structure is broken. A method based on Von-Mises stress similarity tracing was proposed to simulate mechanical boundary conditions of solid elements effectively. The equation to judge the internal force balance of the node was given, the influence factor of internal force balance η was proposed. The corresponding threshold range of the influence factor was given by comparing the data, which quantitatively explained the reason why the internal force state of the local strut system model and the whole model could not be the same.

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Optimization Design of Urban Tunnel Lighting

LI Yingshuai1, WANG Weijie1, WANG Maosheng2

2020, 39(11): 76-80. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.11

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The semi-enclosed spatial structure of the urban tunnel determines that it can only be illuminated by the lighting system. The difference in brightness between the inside and outside of the urban tunnel will cause the driver to have a “black and white hole effect” when entering and leaving the tunnel, which affects the drivers acquisition and processing of visual information, and has certain accident risk. Taking the Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel and the Yangtze River Tunnel as examples, the effects of lighting in two tunnels on the drivers gaze, glance, and blinking and other visual characteristics were compared and analyzed by the visual characteristics test of the driver driving in the tunnel. The research results show that the change of brightness intensity will affect the drivers gaze distribution, saccade amplitude and speed, blink frequency and duration. Finally, optimization suggestions were proposed from two aspects of brightness design and lighting layout.

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Effects of Carboxyl Group on Performance of Amphoteric Asphalt Emulsifier and Emulsified Asphalt

GAO Lining, FU Xiaohong, JIA Qinlong, HE Rui, CHEN Huaxin

2020, 39(11): 81-85. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.12

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To study the effect of carboxyl group on the performance of amphoteric asphalt emulsifier and emulsified asphalt prepared from amphoteric asphalt emulsifier, three different asphalt emulsifiers were synthesized by using oleic acid, different molar ratio of diethylene triamine and chloroacetic acid, and their performances were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, surface activity and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value. The performances of emulsified asphalt prepared by different emulsifiers were tested. The research results show that: with the increase of carboxyl group in molecular structure of emulsifier, the surface tension of emulsifier at the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is increased from 37.42 mN/m to 40.24 mN/m and 43.98 mN/m; HLB value is increased from 8.1 to 11.1 and 13.9, which means that the water solubility becomes better; the demulsification rate of emulsified asphalt is from middle fission to fast cracking and then to slow cracking; the penetration at 25 ℃ of emulsified asphalt evaporation residue gradually decreases from 8.0 mm to 7.9 mm and 7.6 mm; the softening point successively increases from 47.0 ℃ to 47.5 ℃ and 48.5 ℃, and the hardness of asphalt increases.

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Application of HSI Color Space in Image Processing of Asphalt Mixture under Low Illumination Conditions

ZENG Sheng1，LIANG Naixing1,YANG Suizhong2,TIAN Xiaofeng2

2020, 39(11): 86-91. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.13

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In view of the inaccurate segmentation of aggregate particles in the image preprocessing of paving mixture under low illumination conditions, the retinnex brightness enhancement method in HSI color space of digital image was utilized. Through the digital images of asphalt mixture collected under two kinds of light conditions, the traditional RGB color space and HSI color space image brightness enhancement methods were used respectively for preprocessing. Compared with the traditional RGB color space processing method and HSI color space image processing method, the segmentation accuracy of gray level co-occurrence matrix of image preprocessing and the proportion of aggregate area ratio above 9.5 mm in binary image after image preprocessing was studied, which was suitable for the image processing of paving asphalt mixture under low illumination. The research results show that: through the proposed HSI color space image brightness enhancement preprocessing algorithm, the entropy and energy of gray level co-occurrence matrix under low illumination condition are close to those under sufficient light condition, and the error between aggregate area ratio and extraction screening test results is small. The digital image preprocessing method of paving asphalt mixture in HSI color space has high capability of image restoration and accuracy of aggregate segmentation recognition under low illumination conditions, which is suitable for the application of asphalt mixture image preprocessing under dark light conditions in practical engineering.

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Geometric Characteristics of Asphalt Pavement Deflection Basin under FWD Load

SONG Jinhua, XIN Pengfei

2020, 39(11): 92-98. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.14

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To analyze the deflection basin curve characteristics of semi-rigid base asphalt pavement under FWD load, a dynamic finite element model was established. By changing the modulus and thickness of the structural layer, the influence of geometric parameter index and strength change of each structural layer on the curve of deflection basin was analyzed. The results show that the area index A3 can better evaluate the overall strength of the pavement. When the modulus ratio E1/E2 is greater than 0.5, d0/d1 is only related to the surface modulus value. The cubic-polynomial fitting curve of the deflection basin and the radius of curvature at a distance of 0.15 m from the load center have a highly linear correlation with the modulus of surface layer and base layer. The effect of the surface layer modulus is mainly in the range of C1~C2, and the effect of the base layer modulus is mainly manifested at d8. Controlling the change of single variable (modulus), the strength of pavement structure is the most sensitive to the change of subgrade modulus; controlling the change of single variable (thickness), the strength of pavement structure is the most sensitive to the change of subgrade thickness.

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Application of Series IGM-FM Combination Model in Prediction of Subgrade Settlement of High-Speed Railway

ZHANG Xianzhou1,2，XIA Chenxi1，CHEN Xiao1，JIANG Yinghao1，CHEN Jianying1

2020, 39(11): 99-108. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.15

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The settlement of high-speed railway subgrade is characterized by small deformation and large fluctuation of data. Aiming at the problem that the single prediction models such as exponential curve method, three-point method and grey system cannot properly reflect the settlement and deformation law of high-speed railway subgrade in construction period, the improved grey prediction Fourier-Markov residual combination prediction model was used to predict the rule of series superposition of subgrade settlement deformation data, in order to improve the overall accuracy and robustness of the prediction. The proposed model was applied to the measured data of subgrade settlement of a high-speed railway through linear interpolation. The research results show that the combination prediction model is effective. By using Fourier series and Markov state transition matrix, the quadratic combination prediction of the primary residual is predicted, which can better fit the change trend of high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring data, and the prediction accuracy has been significantly improved.

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Solutions to the Problem of Wave Refraction Based on Approximation Using Radial Basis Function

XU Xibin1, SHU Zhongyi1, XU Jiqing1,2

2020, 39(11): 109-113. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.16

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Wave has features of three-dimension, stochasticity and nonlinearity, whose boundary conditions are complex, so wave refraction equation is difficult to solve. The radial basis function has the advantages of simple form, isotropic and space dimension independence. Considering the above, a new numerical method for solving the wave refraction problem was constructed by combining the idea of the radial basis function approximation with the wave refraction equation and considering its derivative boundary condition. In the actual project, the proposed algorithm provides a new idea to solve the numerical solution of wave refraction.

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Risk Assessment of Natural Disasters on Highway Caused by Soil Erosion Based on RF-RUSLE Model: A Case Study of Banan District in Chongqing

MU Fengyun1，YANG Meng1，YU Qing2，LIU Zhentao3

2020, 39(11): 114-121. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.17

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Six indicators including rainfall, soil type, vegetation coverage, slope, slope position and remediation intensity were selected to establish a risk indicator system, and a RF-RUSLE model was constructed to analyze the degree of soil erosion and the relationship between highway disasters and soil erosion in Banan district of Chongqing. Combined with the regional road network, the natural disaster risk of soil erosion highway in Banan district of Chongqing was evaluated and predicted, and the natural disaster risk level of soil erosion highway in the study area was classified. The factors causing natural disasters on highways in the study area were discussed. The results show that the soil and water conservation in Banan district of Chongqing is relatively better, but the rainfall erosion is serious, and the degree of soil erosion ranges from mild to moderate; the natural disaster risk grade of soil erosion highway in Banan district of Chongqing is generally medium risk, and the southern part and the southwestern part are high risk areas of highway disaster; at the junction of villages and towns, the prevention and control of highway disasters is weak, and the probability of natural disasters caused by soil erosion is extremely high. Rainfall and slope are the main disaster-causing factors, which need to be monitored and controlled.

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Heavy Metal Pollution and Its Ecological Risk Analysis of River Sediments in the Main Urban Area of Chongqing

ZHANG Zhanmei1,2, HUANG Dajun1, SHI Ruiqi1, XU Yuan1, GONG Yuchen

2020, 39(11): 122-127. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.18

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In order to study the risk of heavy metal pollution and its potential environmental risk in the river sediments of the main urban area of Chongqing, 5 rivers in the main urban area of Chongqing, including Huaxi River, Kuxi River, Taohua Stream, Qingshui Stream and Panxi River, were studied. The concentrations of six kinds of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in sediments were detected. Nemerow comprehensive index method and geo-accumulation index method were used to analyze the pollution degree of heavy metals in river sediments, and Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment method was used to evaluate the ecological risk of heavy metals. The results show that six kinds of heavy metals in the 5 rivers in the main urban area of Chongqing have reached the level of mild pollution or above. Nemerow comprehensive index (Pcom) of Taohua Stream and Qingshui Stream sampling points is more than three, which belongs to heavy pollution level. Among the six kinds of heavy metals, Cu pollution is the most serious. The potential ecological risk of heavy metals in river sediments of the main urban area of Chongqing is low. Except for the potential ecological risk index in one sampling point of Huaxi River (RI = 212.04), it belongs to the medium risk level; the rest RI values of other rivers are less than 150, which belong to the mild level.

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Optimal Control of Hydraulic Active Lateral Stabilizer of Vehicle Based on Kalman Filter

ZHAO Qiang, SUN Zhu

2020, 39(11): 128-135. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.19

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Firstly, the vehicle dynamics model and the active stabilizer actuator model of the hydraulic cylinder controlled by the electro-hydraulic servo valve were established. Then the space model of the system state was derived. Thirdly, Kalman filter algorithm was used to make an optimal estimation of the centroid side-slip angle at centre of mass, yaw rate, sprung mass roll angle, sprung mass roll angular velocity, etc. Based on the optimal estimation, an optimal feedback matrix was designed by using Riccati equation to realize the optimal control of LQG. Furthermore, the simulation verification was carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and compared with the passive transverse stabilizer. The results show that the designed LQG optimal control method has an obvious effect in restraining body roll and can effectively improve vehicle roll stability.

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Conjugate Gradient Detection Method for Collision Avoidance of Trams

WANG Hua, LIU Yahui, YAN Xiaoru

2020, 39(11): 136-140. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.20

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Tramcar collision avoidance radars usually use direct matrix inversion to detect signals, which has high complexity and large amount of computation. Through analyzing the characteristics of clutter, interference and noise around the tram anti-collision radar system, the conjugate gradient matched filter was applied to detect the tram anti-collision radar signal, which not only obtained the optimal CFAR detector, but also had lower computational complexity and smaller calculation amount than the direct matrix inversion method did. The proposed method can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost.

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Test and Evaluation of Lane Departure Warning System for Passenger Cars

Ayalew Mesfin Mitiku, SHAO Yiming, ZHANG Lei, WANG Rong, PENG Jinshuan

2020, 39(11): 141-146. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2020.11.21

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The innovation and upgrading of the automobile industry has promoted the wide application of the advanced assisted driving system, especially the new technologies represented by the lane departure warning system (LDWS) have furtherly reduced the traffic accidents caused by vehicles deviating from the lane. In order to explore the test and evaluation technology of LDWS suitable for Chinas road traffic characteristics, a real vehicle test on the objective performance of a passenger vehicle LDWS was carried out, and the influence of factors such as deviation direction, light condition, lane line type and lateral deviation velocity on the lateral distance of the alarm point (DW) distribution under the conditions of straight and curved road sections was analyzed. The results show that: in the straight road section, the influence of light condition and vehicle velocity on DW is small, while there is a negative correlation between the lateral deviation velocity and DW; in the curved road section, the distribution of DW when vehicles deviates to the inside of the curve is similar to that in the straight road section, but when the vehicle deviates to the outside of the curve, the alarm time is late. The research results enrich the application of LDWS test condition and evaluation technology.

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