Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University(Natural Science)

Urban Road Network Traffic Control Platform Based on Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation

TANG Shaohu1，LIU Xiaoming2，ZHU Wei1，ZHENG Jianchun1，ZHENG Guorong2

2019, 38(04): 1-8. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.01

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Urban regional traffic signal control and optimization is an important means to alleviate urban traffic congestion, and effectiveness evaluation is an important part of traffic signal optimization. The traditional traffic simulation software is generally evaluated by the built-in signal control module, which is out of touch with the actual signal control system and has low evaluation accuracy. In order to connect simulation software with signal control system and improve evaluation effectiveness, an urban road network traffic control platform based on the hardware-in-loop simulation was proposed. The logical framework, function architecture, center system and controller interface etc. of hardware and software modules of the platform were designed. The arterial coordination control algorithm and regional cooperative control algorithm were integrated. And the hardware-in-loop simulation control function was verified through the communication test. The case study analysis shows that the platform of hardware-in-the-loop simulation builds the bridge of the traffic simulation software and the traffic signal control system, and it can effectively evaluate the traffic control effect of the road network. Based on the proposed platform, the effectiveness evaluation of the regional traffic signal control, the improvement for control algorithms and signal optimization can be carried out.

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Cooperative Control Method of Freeway Off-Ramp Intersection and Downstream Intersection under Congestion Conditions

XU Jianmin1, 2, ZOU Xiangli1, MA Yingying1

2019, 38(04): 9-14. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.02

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In freeway system, the on-ramp and off-ramp is the link connecting the freeway and ground road, and its also the bottleneck segment which is most prone to traffic congestion. Targeting to evacuate traffic congestion of off-ramp in freeway, a collaborative control model combining off-ramp intersection and downstream intersection under congestion conditions was proposed. The proposed model was divided into two parts: the first was the maximum capacity optimization model in targeted intersection and the second was the maximum vehicle evacuation optimization model in downstream intersection. The first model aimed at improving the capacity of the off-ramp, and the second model aimed to guarantee vehicles from the targeted intersections can drive away as soon as possible after reaching downstream intersections.The results of case studies show that: in aspect of route to evacuate traffic congestion on off-ramp of freeway, the intersection signal timing scheme obtained by the proposed model is 18%, 22.3% and 71.6% better than the single-point signal timing scheme obtained by Webster model in terms of the number of vehicles passing, average delay and average queue length respectively, which significantly improves efficiency of congestion evacuation in off-ramp.

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Vehicle Automatic Detection Algorithm from UAV Videos Based on Shape Analysis

PENG Bo1,2,3, CAI Xiaoyu1,2, ZHOU Tao4, LI Shaobo2, ZHANG Youjie2, DUAN Lianfei5

2019, 38(04): 15-22. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.03

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In order to collect continuous traffic flow information correctly and comprehensively from a regional perspective, a vehicle automatic detection method was proposed based on shape analysis aiming at UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) videos. Firstly, a ROI (region of interest) was marked manually on the video frame, and grayscale processing was conducted on the frame. Secondly, a sub-pixel skeleton image was generated based on Canny edge detection result of ROI, and the image skeleton was decomposed and reconstructed. Then, vehicle targets were recognized through comprehensive application of morphological operations (dilation, erosion, filling and closing) and connected components shape features (area, rectangularity, major axis and minor axis of equivalent ellipse). Finally, algorithm detection and manual inspection were respectively conducted on 548 UAV video frames, and correct detection rate, repeated detection rate, missed detection rate and false detection rate for vehicle detection were calculated. Test results show that the proposed algorithm achieves higher correct detection rate (averaging 95.02%), lower repeated detection rate (averaging 2.20%), missed detection rate (averaging 2.77%) and false detection rate (averaging 8.24%). Besides, standard deviations of the correct detection rate, repeated detection rate, missed detection rate and false detection rate are 2.09%, 1.67%, 1.67% and 2.56%, respectively, which indicates that the proposed algorithm obtains smaller discrete degree of performance indexes and higher stability.

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Comparative Analysis on Calculation Method of Tied Archs Suspension Rod

XU Hanzheng, CAI Changwei, LI Haoshi

2019, 38(04): 23-28. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.04

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The inner part of bottom-through steel box tied arch bridge belongs to complex high-order statically indeterminate space structure. In order to determine the suspender tension force more quickly and accurately during the construction of tied arch bridge, the finite element method was used to simulate the tensioning process of the whole suspender. The difference iteration method and the forward iteration method were used to calculate the reasonable construction cable force respectively. The structure internal force and deformation difference of the tie rod and arch rib in the construction process and the bridge state were compared and analyzed, and the applicability of these two methods was discussed. The research results indicate that the difference iteration method is simpler than the forward iteration method in calculation, and the construction cable force is uniform. The internal force and deformation of the whole structure are better than the forward iteration method. It can provide practical reference value for the optimization of the construction cable force of similar bridges.

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Simplified Simulation of Local Stress in Anchorage Zone with Strand-Separating Saddle

ZHANG Shaohua1, 2

2019, 38(04): 29-34. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.05

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Taking a low-pylon cable-stayed bridge as the engineering background, the stress of concrete in anchorage zone of cable tower with strand-separating saddle was simulated and analyzed by the Abaqus & Hypermesh simulation method. The idea of joint finite element simulation, the derivation of equivalent uniform surface load and equivalent linear surface load were introduced, and the main analysis results of pylon concrete under different load modes were given. The results show that: 1) the concrete around the filament separator will have larger principal stress, but it will soon spread to uniformity; 2) the maximum principal tensile stress of the concrete at the lower edge of the filament separator varies greatly under different load modes, and the stress under the circumferential uniform plane load is significantly larger than that under the circumferential linear plane load.

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Influence of Tunneling on Adjacent Foundations Based on Boundary Element Method

YANG Jianqun1, XU Dongfeng2, CAI Jian1, ZHOU Yang3

2019, 38(04): 35-40. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.06

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A boundary element method (BEM) was established to study the influence of tunnel excavation on adjacent pile foundations. Cylindrical element, annular tip element and annular discontinuous element were used to simulate piles in the process of BEM calculation. The behavior of pile-soil interaction was described by the deformation compatibility equation of pile-soil interface, the force balance equation of pile, the deformation compatibility equation of pile head and cap, and the force balance equation of pile head and cap. Aiming at the existing pile foundation project under a tunnel, the settlement of pile foundation caused by tunnel excavation was simulated, compared and analyzed by boundary element method and 3D finite element software Midas GTS. The influence of stratum loss rate on pile settlement was also studied. The research results can provide references for engineering design and protection of surrounding buildings during construction.

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Press-in Ventilation Parameters of Blind Heading of Spiral Tunnel

GAO Feng1, ZHANG Jie1, LIAN Xiaofei2, TANG Yuchen1, QI Huaiyuan1, HUANG Lei1

2019, 38(04): 41-46. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.07

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Based on the construction of ventilation project of Wolonggou No.1 tunnel, CFD software was used to simulate the flow field of different outlet distances and different arrangement modes of air ducts. The characteristics of the flow field were analyzed from the aspects of jet velocity field, wind speed variation curve and wind speed in eddy zone. The research shows that the ventilation effect is the best when the duct outlet is placed outside of the spiral of the tunnel axis in the spiral tunnel with R=720 m, and the distance between the outlet and the face of the tunnel should not be more than 40 m.

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Vehicle Driving Trajectory of “24-Zigs” Mountain Road

CHEN Liuxiao1, TANG Boming1, ZHANG Bo2, XIANG Hao1

2019, 38(04): 47-54. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.08

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In order to study the road traffic safety restricted by environmental factors, taking “24-zigs” mountain road as an example, a road simulation scenario was established by using UC-win/Road simulation software.The virtual driving simulation was carried out by setting traffic flow, and the changing law of vehicle trajectory and the driving conflict area of “24-zigs” mountain road were obtained and analyzed.The results show that: the UC-win/Road simulation can clearly identify the conflict zones in various curved road sections. The conflict zones are different in different driving directions.When the upstream vehicle enters the straight curve section and the downstream vehicle exits the curve section, the possibility of collision with the vehicles is greater.The vehicles running on the “24-zigs” mountain road can mainly complete turning in their own lanes. Influenced by topography and alignment factors, the linear indexes of the 10th-zig and the 11th-zig exceed the standard limit values, and the lateral displacements of vehicles are 172.29 cm and 157.07 cm respectively, which can still ensure traffic safety. The “24-zigs” mountain road, which is composed of sharp turns and steep slopes, can satisfy the traffic safety in general. Its alignment design provides design inspiration and technical basis for highway construction in environmentally restricted areas.

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Experimental Study on High-Temperature Performance of Waterborne Epoxy Resin Modified Emulsified Asphalt

ZHOU Weifeng1，2, DONG Liwei1, SONG Xiaoyan2, YANG Zhiwei3

2019, 38(04): 55-59. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.09

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In order to explore the effect of waterborne epoxy resin on the high-temperature performance of emulsified bitumen, the modified emulsified asphalt samples with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% waterborne epoxy resin content were prepared, and the cylindrical specimens with diameter of 25 mm and height of 1 mm were cut by modified low temperature evaporation method after incubation at 40 ℃ for 11 days. Based on the dynamic shear test (DSR) and the multiple stress creep recovery test (MSCR), the rutting factor (G*/sinδ) and the non-recoverable creep compliance（Jnr）of the specimens were measured after holding for 30 minutes at 58 ℃ , 64 ℃, 70℃ and 76 ℃, respectively. The results show that waterborne epoxy resin can improve the permanent deformation resistance of emulsified asphalt at high temperature, reduce the viscous part of the emulsified asphalt during creep process, and reduce the cumulative deformation. When evaluating the high-temperature performance of waterborne epoxy resin modified emulsified asphalt, the temperature should be selected between 58 ℃~64 ℃. To ensure the high-temperature performance, the optimum content of waterborne epoxy resin is 10%.

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Experimental Study on Elimination of Snow Cover and Dark Ice on Highway Pavement in High Altitude Region by Thermal Energy of Hot Spring

ZHENG Bo1, ZHENG Jinlong2, WEI Yanqing2, WU Jian1

2019, 38(04): 60-65. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.10

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The test section was built at exit end of Queershan Tunnel. PVC pipes and steel pipes were laid on the surface of concrete pavement with spacing 24cm and 40cm respectively. The temperature values of road surface at different times and rock mass with different buried depth after the hot water of hot spring passing through two kinds of pipelines were measured, and the changes of ice and snow cover on pavement were observed and recorded. The feasibility of using thermal energy of hot spring to eliminate snow cover and dark ice on tunnel entrance pavement in high altitude area in winter was studied. The temperature drop effect of fluid passing through pipelines made of different materials was compared and analyzed. The results show that in the test section of steel pipe and PVC pipe, the ice and snow layer of pavement begins to melt after 20 and 24 hours of hot spring water passing, and the ice and snow layer of pavement melts completely after 48 and 96 hours of hot spring water passing. For shallow pavement, the heating rate of steel tube test section is faster than that of PVC tube test section in heating process, and the steel tube system with 40 cm spacing is more effective than that with 24 cm spacing. A modified Sukhov temperature drop calculation formula considering the material of the pipeline is proposed. The correction coefficients of PVC pipe and steel pipe are 1.8 and 0.9 respectively based on the temperature drop test data of PVC pipe and steel pipe, which can provide reference for the reasonable determination of the design parameters of pavement snow melting and ice melting in high altitude regions.

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Test Study on Performance of Sustained-Release Anti-icing and Anti-snow Materials

ZHU Haoran1, 2, YU Mingming1, 2, WEN Xiaobo1, 2

2019, 38(04): 66-71. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.11

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The SMA-13-Common mixture was obtained with SBS modified asphalt. At the same time, two kinds of sustained- release anti-icing and anti-snow materials, which were imported Verglimit and domestically produced Changzhou Lvxin (Lvxin for short) with the dosage 5% of the mass of the mineral material, were added to obtain the asphalt mixtures called SMA- 13-Verglimit and SMA-13-Lvxin. Through ice-breaking test and salt-dissolving conductivity test, and self-created tearing test and conductivity test at different layers, properties of the short-term ice melting, the long-term anti-icing effect and the effectiveness in the depths of the earth of both SMA-13-Verglimit and SMA-13-Lvxin were analyzed and compared. The test results show that the dynamic stability DS, residual stability MS0, splitting strength ratio TSR and low temperature failure strain ε of SMA-13-Lvxin meets the technical requirements. There is a water film on the joint between the ice layer and SMA-13-Lvxin at -5 ℃ and -10 ℃. The bond between ice layer and SMA-13-Lvxin is reduced by 60%. The effective days of anti-ice and anti-snow of SMA-13-Lvxin increased by 25% compared with SMA-13-Verglimit. At the depth of 3~4 cm from the road surface, the two kinds sustained-release anti-icing and anti-snow materials can continuously migrate from the interior to the pavement surface. The research shows that the SMA-13-Lvxin not only has good comprehensive road performance, but also has good anti-ice and anti-snow performance. Compared with SMA-13-Verglimit, SMA-13-Lvxin has a longer service life, but a worse short-term melting performance.

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Hierarchy Exfoliation Model for Gongjiafang Bedding Bank Slope with Intense Weathering Marlstone in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

TIAN Weiming

2019, 38(04): 72-78. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.12

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In order to study hierarchy exfoliation model of bedding bank slope with intense weathering marlstone, the development of joints and fissures in marl and the strong weathering characteristics of marl in Gongjiafang bank slope were analyzed. It was believed that marl block and joint surface were the basic conditions for delamination and stripping of bank slope. A geological model which was adapted for layering-slipping, layering-dumping and layering sliding-toppling for strong weathered marl in the Three Gorges Reservoir area was proposed. Based on the static equilibrium analysis method, the mechanical model and the instable criterion of layering-slipping and layering-dumping of the rock in the bank slope were established. The study shows that the critical angle of Gongjiafang limestone block layering-slipping is 15.5° , the critical length-height ratio of layered slip instability is 2.4, and the critical contact ratio of toppling instability is 0.27.

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Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Study of Vacuum Pressure Measurement in Plastic Drainage Plate

ZHANG Wenbin1 , LIU Zengxiang1, LEI Qiusheng1,PENG Jie2

2019, 38(04): 79-87. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.13

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Aiming at the existing problems of vacuum pressure measurement method in drainage plates, the definition of vacuum pressure in drainage plate was expounded, and the measured results of the piezometers and vacuum gauges were analyzed through theoretical analysis and field tests. The test results show that the measured results of the piezometers and vacuum gauges cant be used as vacuum pressure directly, and the water level and settlement in drainage plate should be corrected. The revised formulas for calculating the vacuum pressure in drainage plate were derived from the measured results of the piezometers and vacuum gauges. According to the measured results of the field test, the measured results of the piezometers can be used to calculate the vacuum pressure in drainage plate. The parameters are easy to obtain, the calculation is simple, and the calculated values are in line with the reality and the stability is good. However, the method of using the measured results of vacuum gauges to calculate the vacuum pressure in drainage plate has many parameters. It is difficult to accurately measure and is complicated to calculate; meanwhile, it has many assumptions of formulas, large deviation of results and poor test stability. It is recommended that piezometers should be used to monitor the vacuum pressure in drainage plate in practical engineering.

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Disaster-Inducing Environment Zoning of County Highway Flood in Guizhou Province Based on the Gray Clustering Method

WU Renjie1, CHEN Hongkai2

2019, 38(04): 88-93. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.14

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Taking the disaster-inducing environment zoning of highway flood in Guizhou province as research object, seven disaster-inducing factors were selected to build the evaluation index system for disaster-inducing environment zoning of highway flood. These seven factors included topography and landform, rainfall, river network density, stratigraphic lithology, development of geological hazards, vegetation coverage and population density. Combining with the relevant statistical data, the grey clustering analysis method was used to calculate each index. According to the quantitative evaluation criteria of indicators, the highway flood disaster-inducing environment was classified into four grades: extremely sensitive area, highly sensitive area, medium sensitive area and low sensitive area. The results show that the grades for disaster-inducing environment of county highway flood in Guizhou Province are mainly highly sensitive area and medium sensitive area. And the proportion of county-level region for those two grades is up to 87.5%, which means the disaster-inducing environment of highway flood is extremely mature. These research results can provide theoretical support for the prevention and reduction of highway flood disaster.

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Recognition and Analysis of High Density Pedestrian Shockwaves Phenomenon

SUN Lishan, GONG Qingsheng, CUI Li, ZHAO Pengfei, QIAO Jing

2019, 38(04): 94-99. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.15

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To overcome the shortcomings of quantitative analysis of shockwave phenomenon in high density pedestrian flow at the bottleneck, micro-characteristic parameters such as pedestrian passage time, walking speed and position change were calibrated and extracted, on the basis of pedestrian controlled experiment. Dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm was introduced to realize the identification and quantitative analysis of shockwave phenomenon in passenger flow. Results show that it is available to identify the shockwave phenomenon of passenger flow with the DTW algorithm, which can be more accurate to identify the variable speed point and can reduce the complexity of shockwave velocity calculation, compared with the hydrodynamic theory algorithm. The shockwave velocity at the bottleneck is a variable in the process of transmission. The shockwave velocity decreases (increases) as the convergent wave (dissipative wave) propagates, and the blocking degree of the former to followers decreases gradually with the propagation of shockwave. The study provides a theoretical basis for the stability evaluation of rail transit passenger flow and the validity verification of micro- simulation model.

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Effect of Lane Balance on Traffic Operation at Ramp Merging Area of Urban Expressway

XUE Xingjian1, SONG Cong1, OUYANG Huan1, CHEN Huan1, LI Binglin2

2019, 38(04): 100-105. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.16

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Based on the coil data and videos of traffic flow at two ramp merging areas on Yanan expressway in Shanghai, the traffic flow parameters of the main line and the inflow vehicles were extracted, the different effects of the conditions with or without the lane balance design on the traffic flow operation at ramp merging areas on urban expressway were compared and analyzed. The inherent mechanism of the lane balance design affecting traffic operation at ramp merging areas was analyzed, and the limitations and countermeasures of the existing lane balance design were discussed. The results show that the lane balance design can significantly reduce vehicle lane-changing and speed-changing behavior, and play a positive role in improving the capacity of ramp merging areas, improving the operation speed and maintaining the traffic flow stability. However, the proposed design cant be simply applied, and it is necessary to take into account all kinds of actual situations and make pertinent analysis and design.

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Traffic Flow Model in Urban Section Based on the Effect of Vehicle Lane Change

DENG Shejun1, ZHONG Yuyi1, YE Xiaofei2, CHEN Jun3，BAI Hua4

2019, 38(04): 106-115. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.17

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In order to find the change rule between the vehicle lane changing characteristics and the traffic flow speed of the target lane, the minimum safe distance and lane changing time between lane changing vehicles and the front and rear vehicles of the target lane were analyzed on the basis of the theory of vehicle lane change model and Bureau of Public Road (BPR) function model, taking two adjacent lanes of urban road as the research object. Also, for the 3 kinds of combinations of minimum safe distance, the influence time of lane change was determined. Based on the measured data, a model to describe the affected traffic speed on lane 2 was established when the vehicle changed lane from lane 3 to lane 2. The research results show that the time thresholds of lane changing and the speed difference between lane changing vehicle and target lane show a monotonic increasing trend, which shows a monotonous increasing law with acceleration; the traffic flow velocity of the target lane affected by the lane change is closely related with the flow rate of the adjacent two lanes and the acceleration of lane change vehicle. First of all, when the traffic volume of the lane where the lane- changing vehicles runs is between 500 to 600 pcu/h and the traffic volume of the target lane is between 0 to 500 pcu/h or when the traffic volume of the lane where the lane-changing vehicles runs is between 100 to 300 pcu/h and the traffic volume of the target lane is between 1 000 to 1 500 pcu/h, the behavior of vehicle lane changing has a greater impact on the speed of traffic flow in the target lane. Secondly, when the acceleration of the lane change vehicle is smaller, the variation of vehicle speed in the target lane due to lane change is greater; on the contrary, the smaller it is. Finally, when the acceleration of the lane change vehicle is 0.1~2.0 m/s2, the influence on the traffic speed of the target lane is greater. The influence is more seriously than others.

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Optimization of Crew Schedule of Urban Rail Transit Based on Steering Quality

LIU Jie, DAI Jiani

2019, 38(04): 116-122. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.18

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Firstly, the crew shifting card in current crew scheduling plan was abstracted into several work units, and the steering quality was defined as the weighted average sum of four indicators, i.e. the accuracy of the benchmark, the punctuality, the comfort and the energy consumption. Furthermore, the calculation formulas of various indicators were given. Secondly, the calibration error, time error and interval v-t curve data of each driver in each unit of work were measured by simulation experiment and the steering quality was calculated. Thirdly, using the no estimate model fitness software 1stOpt and the calculus formula, the three-variable function relationship between steering quality and interval rest time, attendance time as well as end time was deduced. Then, the problem was transformed into a general constrained non-linear programming model maximizing the function, and the interval rest time, attendance time and end time in the crew scheduling were optimized respectively. Finally, in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed optimization model, comparative experiments were designed. The results show that the average steering quality is improved by 14.09%, 8.17%, 6.41%, 9.45%, 6.31%, 7.64% and 7.57% respectively.

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Effect of Rotor Auxiliary Slots on IPM Performance

AN Zhiguo, LIU Gaopeng, GAO Wei

2019, 38(04): 123-127. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.19

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Maxwell 2D finite element software was used to calculate the influence of the position, depth and width of the rotor auxiliary slot on the cogging torque and waveform of an 8-pole embedded permanent magnet synchronous motor. The relationship diagram between the change of three parameters, the change of cogging torque and harmonic content was drawn. Therefore, the minimum cogging torque and the corresponding optimal structure parameters of the auxiliary slot could be obtained. Finally, the influence of the parameters of the auxiliary slot on the magnetic flux leakage coefficient was analyzed.

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Vertical Obstacle Crossing Ability of a Six-Wheeled Vehicle

LIU Xixia, WU Wenwen, JIA Xiaoping, YAO Xinmin

2019, 38(04): 128-133. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.20

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Aiming at the problem of difficult transportation of materials on non-structural complex pavement, a six- wheeled vehicle with folding and swinging arm function was designed. This special structure effectively improved the obstacle-surmounting performance of vehicles. On the basis of the theoretical analysis of the crossing vertical obstacle ability of the six wheel vehicle, Recurdyn software was used to simulate and the reasonableness of the results was verified through real vehicle experiments. The results were analyzed to provide a basis for further structural optimization and control system design of six-wheeled vehicle.

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Fuel Economy Analysis of Refrigerated Transporter Based on Photovoltaic Hybrid Refrigeration System

LI Wenchao1, 2, LI Yong1, HE Ren1, 2

2019, 38(04): 134-140. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2019.04.21

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Aiming at the problem of engine and compressor working and cooling after the refrigerated transporter was parked, a photovoltaic hybrid refrigeration system for refrigerated transporter based on dual compressors was proposed. The mathematic model of refrigerated transporter photovoltaic hybrid refrigeration system was established and its simulation was established in MATLAB / Simulink Model to analyze the fuel consumption of a refrigerated truck under NEDC conditions. The total fuel consumption was calculated according to the Energy Consumption Test Method for Heavy Hybrid Electric Vehicles. The results show that the fuel consumption per 100 km of a refrigerated transport vehicle based on the PV hybrid refrigeration system is reduced by about 7.06%, compared with the conventional refrigeration system.

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